Cells
What organelle contains enzymes that break down harmful substances and is especially abundant in liver cells.
peroxisome
What property of the phospholipid bilayer allows small, nonpolar molecules to diffuse freely across the membrane?
Its hydrophobic interior repels polar molecules but permits lipid-soluble substances.
If a DNA sequence reads TAC–GCA–TGA, what would be the corresponding mRNA codons
AUG–CGU–ACU
What type of muscle tissue is controlled voluntarily?
Skeletal
What is one of Miss. Hall's favorite halloween movies
scooby doo 2: monsters unleashed
Conjuring: The Nun
What organelle receives, modifies, and packages proteins for secretion, working closely with the rough ER.
Golgi body
Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis in terms of vesicle formation and membrane dynamics
Endocytosis forms vesicles by inward folding of the membrane, while exocytosis fuses vesicles with the membrane to release contents.
During transcription, this enzyme is responsible for building the mRNA strand from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
How are cells classified and what are the names for each
Arrangement (# of layers): Simple-one
Stratified-multiple
Shape: Squamous- flat
Cuboidal- cube-shaped
Columnar- Column-shaped
What is Miss. Hall's favorite fruit?
watermelon
How would the absence of lysosomes affect white blood cells
They would be unable to digest engulfed bacteria or cellular debris effectively
Predict the osmotic effect on a cell placed in a hypertonic environment.
Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink
How would a mutation that changes a single base pair in a gene alter the resulting protein
It could cause a different amino acid to be inserted, possibly changing the protein’s shape and function
Why does cartilage take longer to heal than bone tissue?
its avascular (lacking blood circulation)
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
What are the stages of cellular division?
Interphase
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Compare the energy use and direction of molecule movement in facilitated diffusion versus active transport.
Facilitated diffusion moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy; active transport moves them against it using ATP.
Explain the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and tRNA in protein synthesis
DNA provides the genetic code, mRNA carries it to the ribosome, and tRNA delivers amino acids based on codon-anticodon pairing
What type of epithelial tissue found in the urinary bladder and explain why its structure is functionally important
Transitional epithelium: dome-shaped so it can stretch to accommodate changes in bladder volume.
What are the three muscle types? Which ones are voluntary, which ones are involuntary? Where are they found?
Skeletal: voluntary attached to bone
Cardiac: involuntary, the heart
Smooth: involuntary, covering internal organs
If a cell’s rough ER were damaged, which specific cellular process would be directly affected and why?
protein synthesis, because ribosomes on the rough ER produce proteins
ATP breaks a phosphate bond, one phosphate acts as a substrate and binds to the transport protein, once active, it allows 3 Sodium out and 2 potassium in
What are the three RNAs and what are their functions?
mRNA: Acts as a “copy” of the gene that tells the ribosome which amino acids to link together.
rRNA: Helps align mRNA and tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids.
tRNA: Acts as an “interpreter” between the genetic code and the amino acids that make up a protein
List all the connective tissues from softest to hardest
blood
loose connective
dense connective
cartilage
bone
What are the two types of healing? What are the steps of healing?
Regeneration – replacement by the same type of cells. Fibrosis – formation of scar tissue
Capillaries become permeable, and a clot forms.
Granulation tissue forms, new capillaries, phagocytes, and fibroblasts.
Surface epithelium regenerates, scab detaches; scar may remain.