Stat
Stuff
Stuff
A graphical representation of an association, in which each dot represents one participant (or data point) in a study measured on two variables.
Scatterplot
_____ studies include two or more variables, in which all of the variables are measured, whereas ______ include at least one manipulated variable, and one measured variable.
Correlational studies; experiments
What are the three claims?
Frequency Claim, Association Claim & Causal Claim
What are the four validities?
Construct Validity,
External Validity,
Statistical Validity
& Internal Validity
The degree to which two variables go together.
Covariance (Correlate)
"As X increases, Y increases" entails a _______ association, and "As X increases, Y decreases" entails a _______ association.
Positive Association;
Negative Association
_____ variables are manipulated, while _____ variables are measured.
Independent; dependent
A claim that describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable.
Frequency Claim
An indication of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study.
Construct Validity
Criteria which states that the proposed causal variable comes first in time, before the proposed outcome variable.
Temporal Precedence
A given range indicated by a lower and upper value that is designed to capture a population value for some point estimate (parameter).
Confidence Interval (CI)
An attribute that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in question.
Constant
A claim about two variables, in which the value (level) of one variable is said to vary systematically with the value of another variable.
Association Claim
An indication of how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself.
External Validity
A variable of interest, stated at an abstract or conversational level.
Conceptual Variables (or Construct)
A single estimate of some population value based on data from a sample.
Point Estimate
One of the possible variations, or values, of a variable.
Level
A claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the value of another variable.
Causal Claim
The extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable.
Statistical Validity
To turn a conceptual definition of a variable into a specific measured variable or manipulated variable in order to conduct a research study.
Operationalize
In the context of a percentage estimate, an inferential statistic providing a range of values that has a high probability of containing the true population value.
Margin of Error of the Estimate
An attribute (characteristic or occurrence) that varies, having at least two levels, or values.
Variable
What are the three requirements for causal claims?
Internal Validity,
Temporal Precedence
& Covariance
A study’s ability to rule out alternative explanations (confounds) for a causal relationship is called _______.
BONUS: This requires the use of random methos to assign participants into different experimental groups, also known as ________.
Internal Validity;
Random Assignment
The extent to which the subjects in a study represent the populations they are intended to represent; how well the settings in a study represent other settings or contexts.
Generalizability