Roots
the time period before crime and justice were studied scientifically and systematically when medieval societies viewed crime as the result of sin, demonic possession, or other supernatural causes and punished them severely or via religious interventions
Pre-classical justice
The most effective aspect of punishment that deters crime.
What is certainty?
When people are discouraged from crime after seeing someone else punished, this type of deterrence is occurring.
What is general deterrence?
What is eugenics?
This philosophy says knowledge should be based on empirical evidence shown in research
What is positivism?
The "Father" of the positivist school.
Who is Lombroso?
This type of deterrence prevents those not being punished from engaging in crime.
When people are discouraged from future crime by their own experience of punishment, this type is occurring
What is specific deterrence?
Beccaria argued that punishment should serve this purpose rather than revenge.
What is deterrence?
This theory says people weigh the pros and cons of their options using a cost-benefit analysis.
What is rational choice theory?
This French philosopher developed positivism and is credited with founding sociology.
Who is Auguste Comte?
This school of theories assumes that crime is caused by the pursuit of self-interest in absence of effective punishment.
What is the classical school?
The only purpose of punishment according to the classical school of criminology.
What is to prevent future offending?
This prison design used a central guard tower surrounded by a circle of cells.
What is the panopticon?
According to Lombroso, this type of offender engages in crime because of opportunities in the environment.
What is criminaloid?
Routine activity theory says crime can occur when a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of this come together.
What is capable guardianship?