Protein Structure
Proteins are polymers made of these monomer subunits.
What are amino acids?
Proteins with similar sequences and structures performing related functions are grouped into this.
What are protein families?
Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating this molecule.
What is mRNA?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts are known as this.
What are enzymes?
Proteins evolve by this process that generates new variants.
What is mutation?
This type of bond links amino acids together in a protein.
What is a peptide bond?
This term distinguishes related proteins within the same organism arising from gene duplication.
What are paralogs?
The linkage between amino acids in proteins is created by this type of biochemical reaction.
What is dehydration synthesis (condensation)?
Structural proteins provide this to cells and tissues.
What is mechanical support or strength?
Functional diversity among related proteins is due to these genetic events.
What are gene duplications and divergence?
The three-dimensional shape of a protein is called this.
What is the protein's tertiary structure?
Related proteins in different species that evolved from a common ancestor are called this.
What are orthologs?
Proteins folding into their native structure is driven largely by this type of interaction.
What are hydrophobic interactions?
Motor proteins convert chemical energy into this type of work.
What is mechanical movement?
This term describes the conservation of protein structures over billions of years.
What is evolutionary conservation?
This type of protein structure refers to regular patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets.
What is secondary structure?
Example enzymes illustrating protein family diversity include elastase and this enzyme.
What is chymotrypsin?
Misfolded proteins are recognized and degraded by this cellular system.
What is the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Cell signaling proteins often have this ability to bind specific molecules.
What is ligand binding?
Orthologous proteins often retain similar functions despite this.
What is sequence divergence?
Domains in proteins are often described as these functional units.
What are independent folding units or functional regions?
About this percentage of human genes can be assigned to known protein families.
What is 40%?
Protein folding is sometimes assisted by these protein helpers.
What are chaperones?
Protein-protein interactions often rely on this type of bonding between side chains.
What are noncovalent interactions?
Protein families are evidence of this fundamental evolutionary process within genomes.
What is gene duplication?