Ottomans & Safavids
What military technology helped the Ottoman Turks establish and expand their empire?
Gunpowder weapons, including firearms and cannons, along with the elite janissaries.
Who founded the Mogul dynasty?
Babur, a military leader from Central Asia.
Which dynasty restored native Chinese rule in 1368?
The Ming dynasty.
For how long did Japan restrict contact with most foreign countries?
More than 200 years.
What city did Mehmed II conquer in 1453, and why was it important?
Constantinople. Its strategic location connected Europe and Asia and gave the Ottomans control over important trade routes.
How did the Moguls manage to conquer nearly all of South Asia?
They used gunpowder weapons and artillery, skilled military commanders, divisions among rival kingdoms, diplomacy, and alliances.
What were three major achievements of the Ming dynasty?
Strengthening the Great Wall, improving the Grand Canal, establishing a strong bureaucracy through civil service examinations, constructing the Forbidden City, and expanding economic prosperity.
What does it mean for a country to practice isolation?
Limiting contact with other countries by restricting foreign visitors, international trade, travel abroad, and foreign religious activity.
What defined Ottoman culture and society?
Sunni Islam, a diverse population, centralized government, and achievements in architecture, textiles, and rugs.
What does the word Sikh mean, and where did Sikhism develop?
Sikh means “disciple” or “learner.” Sikhism developed in the Punjab region of South Asia.
How did the Qing adapt to gain acceptance from the Chinese people?
They maintained many Ming government institutions, employed Chinese officials, restored order, and blended Manchu leadership with Chinese traditions.
Why did Tokugawa Japan limit foreign contact?
Tokugawa leaders wanted to maintain political control and stability, limit the influence of foreign powers, and restrict the spread of Christianity.
How did the Ottoman Empire affect Europe economically and culturally?
Ottoman control of trade routes encouraged Europeans to seek alternative sea routes. Ottoman clothing, food, cooking techniques, and music also influenced European culture.
What are the core beliefs of Sikhism?
Belief in one God, equality, devotion, and service to others.
How did the changing economy affect Chinese society during the Ming and Qing dynasties?
Agricultural surpluses supported population growth, manufacturing and trade expanded, merchants gained wealth, and international trade brought silver into China.
How did the Tokugawa government control foreign contact and trade?
It restricted foreigners to approved locations, tightly controlled international trade, prohibited Japanese people from leaving the country, and restricted foreign religious activity.
What problems weakened the Ottoman Empire, and what led to conflict between the Ottomans and Safavids?
Weak leadership, corruption, expensive wars, declining trade revenue, and European competition weakened the Ottomans.
What internal and external problems led to the fall of the Mogul dynasty?
Internal problems included expensive wars, high taxes, religious intolerance under Aurangzeb, and weak successors. External problems included the Persian invasion of Delhi in 1739 and British expansion through the East India Company.
What artistic advancements did China experience during the Ming and Qing dynasties?
Architecture, painting, carving, and decorative arts flourished. The Forbidden City became a major architectural achievement, and blue-and-white porcelain became famous worldwide.
What were two possible benefits and two possible drawbacks of Japan's isolation policy?
Benefits included maintaining political stability and limiting foreign political and religious influence. Drawbacks included restricted international contact, limited access to some foreign ideas and technologies, and fewer opportunities for cultural exchange.