3.6
What are enzymes?
Metabolic assistants that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Cellular respiration occurs in what organelle?
Mitochondria
Humans have how many chromosomes?
46
Mitosis produces what kind of cells?
Meiosis produces daughter cells with the what number of chromosomes?
haploid
What does the Mitochondria produce?
ATP
Cells "burn" glucose gradually, and energy is captured as?
ATP
What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
autosomes
What duplicates and then makes the poles of the mitotic spindle?
Centrosomes
Which phase is this? Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles by centromeric spindle fibers
Anaphase 1
ATP breaks down to what?
ADP + an inorganic phosphate
In glycolysis, glucose is split from a 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules called?
Pyruvate
DNA and protein are?
chromatin
Which phase? Chromatin condenses to chromosomes, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms.
Prophase
Which phase? 4 haploid daughter cells separate as spindle separates, nuclei form, and cytokinesis takes place
Telophase 2
What are the three pathways cellular respiration does to glucose?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, & electron transport chain
In the Kreb's cycle at the beginning the 4 carbon molecules reacts with Acetyl- CoA and gives off what?
CoA coenzyme and 6 carbon molecule
if a cell passes the G1 checkpoint it is...
Committed to dividing
Which phase? Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles and become daughter chromosomes.
Anaphase
Which phase? Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair.
Prophase 2
What does fermentation give us?
A burst of energy for a short time, and 2 ATP for every glucose molecule
Electrons are weakened in the electron transport chain, and the final acceptor of these electrons is oxygen, which then forms what after this?
It forms water after binding with hydrogen
What happens in the G1 checkpoint and the G2 checkpoint?
G1- the cell checks that proper growth signals are present
G2- the cell verifies that DNA has replicated
Describe telophase to the best of your abilities.
Daughter cells (2) formed, nuclear envelope, nucleoli reform, and chromosomes revert to chromatin.
Describe Metaphase 2
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate