Enzymes and Metabolism I
The specific region of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called this.
What is the active site?
Metabolism is the sum of these two types of chemical reactions: building-up and breaking-down.
What are anabolism and catabolism?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are food substances that primarily provide this to the body.
What is energy?
The major storage form of carbohydrates in plants.
What is starch?
These sharp, chisel-shaped teeth with flat sharp edges are primarily used for biting and cutting food.
What are incisors?
Enzymes are primarily made up of this type of biological molecule.
What are proteins?
Respiration, which breaks down glucose to release energy, is an example of this type of metabolic reaction.
What is catabolism?
All monosaccharides and most disaccharides (except sucrose) are known as these sugars, which can be detected by Benedict's test.
What are reducing sugars?
Proteins are made up of these building blocks joined together by peptide bonds.
What are amino acids?
This process involves breaking down large, complex food molecules into small, soluble forms.
What is digestion?
At high temperatures or extreme pH, an enzyme loses its specific shape and becomes this state.
What is denatured?
Pepsin, an enzyme found in mammalian stomachs, operates best at approximately this highly acidic pH level.
What is pH 2? (+- 1ph)
Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals and is abundant in these two body parts.
What are the liver and muscles?
This complex carbohydrate is a major component of plant cell walls and serves as an important source of dietary fibre in humans.
What is cellulose?
This living tissue of the tooth is bone-like and contains a large amount of calcium salts, found just below the enamel.
What is dentine?
This change at the active site during denaturation is the reason why substrates can no longer fit.
What is a conformational change (the change of the shape)?
At low temperatures, enzymes are described as this because they have low kinetic energy and collide less frequently with substrates.
What is inactive?
This type of reaction forms disaccharides, triglycerides, and dipeptides by removing a water molecule.
What is condensation?
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes this element.
What is sulphur?
Secreted by the gastric glands, this substance not only kills most bacteria in food but also provides the optimum acidic medium for the action of pepsin.
What is hydrochloric acid (or HCl)?
In the lock-and-key hypothesis, this molecule acts as the "key" while the enzyme acts as the "lock".
What is the substrate?
In an enzyme-temperature graph, the rate drops sharply after reaching the optimum temperature due to this process.
What is denaturation?
A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids join via condensation, creating this specific type of bond between them.
What is a peptide bond?
The unique shape of a protein, which allows it to perform its function, is directly determined by this.
What is its amino acid sequence?
Point out 3 adaptive features of small intestine in digestion.
What are 1) very long
2) Highly-folded inner wall
3) Numerous villi and microvilli
4) One-cell-thick epithelium
5) Lacteals and network of capillaries in villi
6) Peristalsis