Any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that varies
What is a variable?
100
Increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable
What is positive linear relationship
100
What is causality
What is the relationship between cause and effect
100
the variable being manipulated
What is Independent variable
100
Refers to the "truth" and the accurate representation of information
What is Validity
200
The number of bystanders to an emergency
What is situational variable?
200
increases in one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable
What is negative linear relationship
200
The causal variable should come first in the temporal order of events and then followed by the effect
What is Temporal precedence
200
the variable being measured
What is Dependent variable
200
Refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables
What is Construct validity
300
Psychological processes that mediate the effects of a situational variable on a particular response
What is mediating variables?
300
increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by both increases and decreases in the values of the other variable
What is curvilinear relationship
300
______ is demonstrated with the experimental method when participants in an experimental condition (e.g. an exercise condition) show the effect (e.g. reduction in anxiety) whereas participants in a control condition (e.g. no exercise) do not show effect
What is Covariation
300
Name the IV and DV: Study predicting that pedestrians will walk faster on hot days versus cold days
IV: temperature (hot vs. cold) DV: tempo of pedestrian walking
300
What is external validity?
the external validity of a study is the extent to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings
400
Helping a victim in an emergency is what type of variable?
What is Response variable
400
Performance of basketball players increases as arousal increases from low to moderate levels, then decreases as arousal becomes extremely high
What is curvilinear relationship
400
To be necessary the cause must be ____ for the effect to occur. To be sufficient the cause will ____ produce the effect.
What is present; always
400
Name the IV and DV: Study examining if TV violence increases aggression in children.
IV: TV violence DV: children's aggression
400
Finish the sentence: A study has high internal validity when....
strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable.
500
What is the operational definition of a variable?
What is a definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher uses to measure or manipulate it
500
A decrease in the number of headaches is associated with a decrease in the amount of sugar consumed per day
What is positive relationship
500
There is a need to eliminate plausible alternative explanations for the observed relationship
What is the third element of cause and effect
500
When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the _______ is placed on the horizontal axis, and the _______ is placed on the vertical axis
independent variable; dependent variable
500
The goal of high internal validity may sometimes conflict with the goal of ________