Development of Attachment
At what age do children begin to develop an attachment
6 months: strong
8: separation anxiety
Name the four attachment quality categories
secure
anxious ambivalent
avoidant/insecure
disorganized
What are the two types of insensitive parenting?
warmth: parent responsiveness and sensitivity; preferably child centered
control: parent demandingness, imposing discipline, preferably clear, behavioral control
Give an example of psychological control
- withdrawal of love
- expressing disappointment
- cutting off verbal or emotional contact
Attachment theory is described as a working model, what does this mean?
representation of self, others, and relationships affect child behavior in their future relationships
it starts with the caregiver
Avoidant insecurely attached babies are characterized by
fail to cry when separated from mother; avoid/ignore her when she returns; unemotional
What are some negative effects of insensitive parenting?
- high levels of depression, neglectful care, physiological markers, harsh, coercive, abusive
- infants are less effective at stress management
Neglecting- uninvolved parents...
low responsiveness and not demanding
- not meeting the needs of children, harsh techniques when they impose limits
outcomes: externalizing/internalizing problems
what is the outcome of power assertion on the child's mental health
causes anger and anxiety
does not promote self regulation
what are the 3 primary purposes of attachment?
proximity maintenance between infant and caregiver, better quality of care
secure base of ongoing protection
haven for stress management
anxious ambivalent insecurely attached babies are characterized by
shows distress when separated from mothers and cries more than other babies
may act angry when the mother returns, approach/resist
Why is early attachment important?
- predicts later psychological development
- quality of care helps the outcome
Permissive Parents
moderate responsiveness; low demanding
- hands off parent, few demands
- outcomes: uncontrolled, impulsive, low-self reliance, low cognitive competence and social agencyFinish the sentence:
warm responsive parenting generates BLANK children
COMPLIANCT
- enhances proximity between the baby and caregiver
- special responsiveness and enhances contact between the two
- intuitive paring system enhances special responsiveness of communication
Securely attached babies are characterized by
show distress when separated from mother, eager to greet her when she returns, see the mother as a secure base
What is a moderator between infant parenting and temperament?
PARENTING
Authoritative
high responsiveness, high demanding
- promotes autonomy, support assertiveness, shows affection
outcomes: adaptability, competence, good social skills, peer acceptance
What is the best method of control for children?
induction: use of explanations, reasons for rules, and other-oriented reasoning
- promotes internalization of rules and adaption of own principles
describe the relationships between biology and attachment
- oxytocin: increased in pregnant women, bonding hormone
- dopamine: connects affect levels of caregivers reward system
Disorganized-disoriented insecurely attached babies are characterized by
contradictory behaviors, approach for comfort but avoid it when she approaches
What role does the child play in attachment?
temperament: emotional and behavioral characteristics
- newborn reactivity
- negative emotions
Authoritarian
low on responsiveness, high demanding
restrictive, communication is less affective, psychological control
outcome: low self-esteem, anxiety, conflicted, lack of self-regulation
Name three examples of power assertion