Freudian Perspective
The personality consists of three systems
What is the id, the ego, and the superego?
Id: Ruled by pleasure principle. Id never matures, does not think only wishes or acts.
Ego: Controls consciousness and exercises censorship. Ruled by reality principle, realistic and logical thinking.
Superego: Includes moral code, right vs. wrong, good vs. bad, strives for perfection.
Clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, trivial, illogical, or irrelevant it may seem.
What is free association?
A pediatrician who had a central influence on contemporary object-relations theory.
Margaret Mahler
Jung's theory of personality: an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.
What is classical psychoanalysis?
Stores all experiences, memories, needs and motivations that are inaccessible, and repressed material.
What is the unconscious?
Pointing out, explaining, and teaching the client the meanings of behavior.
What is interpretation?
The first 3 or 4 weeks of life, infant is responding more to physiological tension rather than psychological processes, unable to differentiate itself from its mother.
What is normal infantile autism?
The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality as an innate and primary goal.
What is individuation?
Emerged as a way of shortening and simplifying the lengthy process of classical psychoanalysis.
Clients resurrect early intense conflicts (relating to love, sexuality, hostility, anxiety, and resentment) and bring them to the present, re-experience them, and attach them to the therapist.
What is transference?
An important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems
What is dream analysis?
3rd month-8th month of life, pronounced dependency with primary caregiver, infant has expectations of high emotional attunement with primary caregiver.
What is symbiosis?
The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche, contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species.
What is collective unconscious?
Phenomenon that occurs when there is an inappropriate affect, the therapist responds in inappropriate or non-objective ways because their own conflicts are triggered.
What is countertransference?
A feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, dreams, and experiences that emerge to the surface of awareness.
What is anxiety?
3 types:
Reality- the fear of danger from the external world.
Neurotic- the fear that instincts will get out of hand (cause the person to do something they will be punished for).
Moral- the fear of one's own conscience.
The client's reluctance to bring to the surface of awareness unconscious material that has been repressed.
What is resistance?
Process begins in 4th or 5th month, child experiences separation from significant others while still turning to them for a sense of confirmation and comfort.
What is separation-individuation?
Growing from the work of Heinz Kohut (1971), this approach emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships to develop our own sense of self.
What is self-psychology?
Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed, either deny or distort reality and operate on an unconscious level.
What is Ego-defense mechanisms?
Allows clients to achieve here-and-now insight into the influence of the past on their present functioning.
Aimed at achieving increased awareness, emotional growth, and personality change.
What is the analysis of transference?
Characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. Typically experience extended periods of disillusionment, punctuated by occasional euphoria.
What is borderline personality disorder?
The images of universal experiences that are contained in the collective unconscious.
What are archetypes?
Most important:
persona- a mask or public face we wear for protection.
animus/anima- the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity (coexist in all).
shadow- deepest roots and most powerful/dangerous.
This model is based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between the client and the therapist, putting value on not knowing and approach clients with genuine curiosity.
What is the relational model?