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Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
Metabolism: buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell; Catabolism: breakdown of macromolecules into smaller parts (releases energy); Anabolism: building macromolecules from simpler molecules (uses energy)
What is the turnover number of enzymes?
The maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to product each second
How does pH, temperature, and substrate concentration affect enzymatic activity?
Enzymes have an optimum pH; anything above or below decreases activity; extreme changes cause denaturation; Raising temp increases rate until a certain point; too high of a temperature will denature (loss of 3D structure) the enzyme; Increasing concentration increases rate until the enzyme reaches its maximum rate, then increasing the concentration has no effect
Define the types of inhibitors.
Competitive (fill the active site of the enzyme and compete with substrate); Noncompetitive (interact with other parts of the enzyme; do not compete for active site) also known as allosteric inhibition
Name an example of a competitive inhibitor and the normal substrate it inhibits.
Sulfanilamide inhibits the enzyme whose normal substrate is para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
What is feedback inhibition?
Mechanism that stops the cell from making more of a substance than it needs and thereby wasting chemical resources.
What is the first step of glycolysis?
Convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
What enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
Hexokinase
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis
Net gain of 2; 4 made, 2 used
How much ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are made in the Krebs Cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
38 for prokaryotes, 36 for eukaryotes, 2 used in eukaryotes to move into mitochondria
This process takes place in the ETC and is when energy is released and is used to produce ATP
Chemiosmosis
How many ATP does each NADH and FADH2 produce? Why?
NADH enters earlier in ETC, produce 3 ATP each; FADH2 enters later in ETC, produce 2 ATP each
What is the goal of glycolysis?
Convert glucose into two pyruvate
What bacterium is known for being used for PCR, and what is the of the polymerase?
Thermus aquaticus, Taq Polymerase
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic: final electron acceptor is O2; Anaerobic: final electron acceptor is not O2 (sulfate, nitrate, or methane)
What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate back to glucose?
Glucose-6-phosphotase
The intermediate step between glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle is the conversion of _____ to _____.
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
How does fermentation differ from anaerobic respiration?
Fermentation only involves glycolysis (no Krebs or ETC)
What are the products of alcohol fermentation?
Ethanol and CO2
What is the product of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid
What are the product(s) of homolactic fermentation?
Homolactic produces lactic acid only
How does glycolysis differ from Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
Glycolysis yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH, while EDP produces 1 ATP, I NADPH, 1 NADH
What are the product(s) of heterolactic fermentation?
Lactic acid and other compounds (ethanol and CO2)
Which alternative to glycolysis uses pentoses and NADPH?
Pentose phosphate pathway