Macromolecules & Bonds
This type of covalent bond joins two monosaccharides together during a dehydration synthesis reaction
What is a glycosidic linkage (or glycosidic bond)?
This dense structure within the nucleus is responsible for assembling and packaging ribosomal subunits.
What is the nucleolus?
The currently accepted model describing the cell membrane as embedded proteins floating within a dynamic phospholipid bilayer is called this.
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Specialized channel proteins that specifically allow water molecules to rapidly cross the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient are known as these.
What are aquaporins?
English scientist Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" in the 1660s after observing cork tissues under a microscope because they reminded him of these.
What are rooms in a monastery where monks lived?
This polysaccharide is a helical polymer of glucose used by plants for long-term energy storage.
What is starch (or amylose)?
This organelle contains digestive enzymes like lipases, proteases, and nucleases used to break down cellular debris or engulfed materials.
What is a lysosome?
These carbohydrate chains attached directly to lipids on the outer membrane layer assist in cell-to-cell recognition, such as determining human blood types.
What are glycolipids?
If a cell is placed in this type of environment, water will exit the cell toward the higher solute concentration outside, causing animal cells to shrivel.
What is a hypertonic solution?
These specialized intercellular junctions in animal cells act as airtight seals to prevent fluid leakage between neighboring cells.
What are tight junctions?
Unlike saturated fats, unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chains, giving them this physical property at room temperature.
What is being liquid?
High concentrations of this organelle are found in liver cells because it uses oxygen to break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances by creating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
What is a peroxisome?
Membrane fluidity in cold environments can be maintained by increasing the proportion of phospholipids containing these types of fatty acid tails.
What are unsaturated fatty acid tails?
Passive diffusion of large or polar molecules across a membrane down their concentration gradient via a channel or carrier protein without requiring ATP is called this.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Intercellular channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells—such as those present at intercalated discs in cardiac muscle—are called these.
What are gap junctions?
Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are held together by this type of non-covalent interaction between polypeptide backbone atoms.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Macromolecules synthesized in the Rough ER arrive at this specific receiving face of the Golgi apparatus before being modified and shipped out from the trans face.
What is the cis face?
Early cell membrane researchers Davson and Danielli proposed a model where the phospholipid bilayer was sandwiched between two continuous layers of these molecules.
What are proteins (globular proteins)?
This active transport mechanism brings bulk fluids and dissolved solutes into the cell by forming vesicles.
What is pinocytosis (or cellular drinking)?
In cell fractionation via centrifugation, the dense materials that clump together at the bottom of the tube are called sediments/pellets, while the remaining liquid on top is called this.
What is the supernatant?
Nitrogenous bases are divided into purines and pyrimidines. Identify which class of bases has a double-ring structure, and list the specific bases that belong to this class.
What are purines (which include Adenine and Guanine)?
In the endomembrane pathway, list the correct sequential order of membrane-bound structures a secreted protein travels through from its synthesis to its export from the cell.
Rough ER → Vesicle → Golgi apparatus → Vesicle → Plasma membrane?
During neuronal signaling, gated channel proteins open via neurotransmitters to allow passive ion movement; name the specific active transport pump and the process required to reset ion concentrations during the refractory period.
What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
The Sodium-Potassium pump relies on ATP to pump ions against their gradients, resetting ion balances after an action potential during this mandatory recovery window.
What is the refractory period?
Name these specialized anchoring junctions that hold neighboring animal cells tightly together without creating an airtight seal.
What are desmosomes?