The cell cycle
What occurs during both Gap 1 and Gap 2?
Growth
List the four phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
(PMAT)
What is the definition of cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division.
Meiosis only occurs in what kind of cells?
Gametes (egg and sperm)
Somatic cells are also known as _______.
Body cells
What happens during the S-stage of the cell cycle?
DNA synthesis. DNA is copied.
During ______, chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.
Metaphase
What are the two types of tumors and what makes them different?
Benign and Malignant. Malignant tumors have the potential to spread while benign do not.
Meiosis I divides _______ while Meiosis II divides ______.
-homologous chromosomes
-sister chromatids
What is gametogenesis?
Production of gametes.
The stages of the cell cycle that lead up to cell division can collectively be called ______.
Interphase
What is the function of spindle fibers?
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them apart during the process of mitosis.
What is a better term for "spread" ?
How many total cells are produced when meiosis is complete? Are these cells diploid or haploid?
4 cells are made. These cells are haploid.
Sister chromatids are held together at the ______ on a chromosome.
Centromere.
List the four stages of the cell cycle in order
Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis
During anaphase _______ migrate towards opposite poles of the cell.
What is apoptosis AND how does a cell carry it out?
-Programmed cell death
-Lysosomes rupture and release self-destructive enzymes.
Define diploid and haploid.
-Diploid: two copies of each chromosome
-Haploid: one copy of each chromosome
Why are eggs so much larger than sperm?
Sperm only contribute DNA while eggs contribute DNA, organelles, and nutrients in their cytoplasm.
Where in the cell cycle are the critical checkpoints and what is their function?
One checkpoint is after Gap 1 to ensure the cell is functioning normally. The other checkpoint comes after Gap 2 to ensure DNA and cell size is perfect and ready for mitosis.
Which two phases of mitosis are exact opposites of each other ?
Why are the treatments for cancer have such detrimental effects and why is there no cure for cancer currently?
Treatments effect both healthy cells and cancer cells. There is no cure that only targets cancer cells.
After meiosis is complete in females, how many eggs are produced?
one egg and three polar bodies that are not used.
Where are telomeres and what is their function? How do they carry out this function?
Telomeres are found at the ends of chromosomes. They protect DNA from degradation because they do not contain any genetic information.