Chapter 5- Beginnings of American Identity

Important Terms

100

What is an apprentice?

A beginner who learns a trade or craft from an experienced master.

200

What is Parliament, what are its two houses, and how do members of the two houses attain their positions?

England's chief law-making body. House of Commons (elected) and House of Lords (appointed)

300

What was the Magna Carta, when was it written, and what is its historical significance as it relates to the English?

The Great Charter, written in 1215, which guaranteed basic political rights in England. Nobleman forced King John to sign this agreement, and it was one of the first official documents granting political freedoms to English citizens.

400

Describe the Enlightenment and its significance in the development of American government.

The Enlightenment was a movement that stressed reason and science as the paths to knowledge. It started first in Europe (with Isaac Newton, John Locke, etc.) then made its way to the colonies. Benjamin Franklin was a famous American Enlightenment figure. Significance- Ideas from the Enlightenment were used by the founding fathers in our founding documents (Declaration of Independence, Constitution, etc.). A good example of this would be the use of John Locke's ideas in the Declaration of Independence- inalienable rights to life, liberty, etc.

500

Describe the British policy of salutary neglect and its impact on the colonies in the late 1600s and early 1700s.

Salutary neglect- hands off policy of Britain towards the colonies in the late 1600s to early 1700s. Britain left the colonies alone, for the most part, as far as the government was concerned. Therefore, the colonists got used to acting on their own and conducting their own affairs.

Glorious Revolution, Great Awakening, Historical Figures

100

Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?

Great Awakening preachers. Edwards- fire and brimstone, wrath of God. Whitefield-orphans

200

Who was James Wolfe?

Commander of British army in the Battle of Quebec against the French.

300

What was the English Bill of Rights, and how did it impact the colonies?

The English Bill of Rights was signed at the conclusion of the Glorious Revolution by William and Mary, which guaranteed rights and freedoms to the English citizens and Parliament that had not been previously granted under King James. The colonists were quick to claim the rights given by the English Bill of Rights. Consequently, Governor Edmund Andros (hired by King James) was kicked out of office.

400

Describe the Zenger Trial and its importance to American History.

John Peter Zenger was accused of printing libels against the governor of New York, William Cosby in 1735. At the time, it was illegal to criticize the government in print, and Zenger had been hired by powerful anti-Cosby officials to print the malicious material in the New York Weekly Journal. Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger, and said that citizens had the right to speak the truth. Zenger was released. Importance- Zenger trial was an important step toward establishing freedom of the press.

500

Describe the events of the Glorious Revolution in England, AND how it affected governmental policy in the colonies.

Glorious Revolution (1688): King James, a Catholic, was in power and wanted to fill Parliament with officials who who overturn anti-Catholic laws. Protestant leaders of Parliament were outraged and wanted to overthrow King James for not respecting the rights of Parliament. Officials offered the throne to James' Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband William of Orange. This change in leadership was the Glorious Revolution, named for the relative lack of bloodshed. William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights, which granted rights to English citizens, including the colonists. As a result, governor Andros was removed from office in the "Dominion of New England". Also, shortly after the Glorious Revolution, the colonists enjoyed the British policy of salutary neglect, where they got used to acting on their own with less British restrictions.

Historical Figures

100

Who were William Cosby and Andrew Hamilton?

Cosby- governor of New York in 1735 who put Zenger on trial for printing criticisms about him in the New York Weekly Journal. Hamilton- Zenger's lawyer

200

Who was Edward Braddock and what was his role in American history?

British general sent to lead in the French and Indian War. Died in an ambush attack from the French and Indians on his way (with George Washington) to Ft. Duquesne. Would not break formation to fight back against the French and Indians.

300

Who was Edmund Andros and why was he so hated by the British colonists (at least 3 reasons)?

Governor sent by King James to rule over the "Dominion of New England" (a combination of Massachusetts and other northern colonies). He 1. ended representative assemblies in the colonies, 2. allowed town meetings to be held only once a year, 3. jailed loudest protestors against his actions, and 4. place the colonial militia directly under his control.

400

Explain the contributions of Benjamin Franklin to pre-Revolutionary colonial society, as well as the French and Indian War. (I'm looking for 3 specifics!)

Enlightenment figure, Poor Richard's Almanac, Albany Plan

500

What were the three main ideas of John Locke, and how did those ideas impact how the founding fathers created the American government?

1. People are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. 2. Governments are created for the people, to protect the rights of the citizens. If the government does not serve its purpose, the people have the right to change or form a new government. 3. He challenged the idea of a monarch's God-given right to rule John Locke's ideas are directly represented in our founding documents, such as the Declaration of Independence. Our founding fathers were heavily influenced by Locke and other ideas of the Enlightenment, and that is evident by the ideas of the founding fathers and what they wrote in our founding documents.

Random

100

What effect did the Great Awakening have on the colonists?

Encouraged ideas of equality and the right to challenge authority, which then contributed to the revolutionary fervor of the colonists. Also, congregations argued over religious practices and also split apart. Overall churches grew and some denominations welcomed women, blacks, and Native Americans.

200

What were three benefits of owning land during colonial times?

1. political rights (right to vote) 2. prosperity 3. higher social ranking

300

In colonial government, which positions were appointed and which were elected?

Elected- representatives in colonial assemblies Appointed- royal governor, governor's council

400

Describe the events of the Battle of Quebec. Who was involved and when and where did it occur?

Quebec was the capital of New France, which sat on cliffs above the St. Lawrence River. The British, led by General James Wolfe, spent months trying to penetrate the fort, to no avail. Finally, a scout found a relatively unguarded path up a cliff to a plain west of Quebec. In a fierce, quick battle, the British were victorious. Both Wolfe and the French commander, Montcalm, lost their lives. The Battle of Quebec was an important turning point for the British in the French and Indian War.

500

What was Pontiac's Rebellion? What were the circumstances that brought about the rebellion and the resulting impacts?

Pontiac's Rebellion occurred after the British began moving into French forts in the land the British won according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The French had a much better relationship with the natives than the British did, who refused to give the natives supplies as the French had. Natives attacked and destroyed nearly every British fort west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British responded with equal viciousness, killing natives who hadn't even attacked them, as well as giving the native leaders a "peace offering" of smallpox-infested blankets. The British saw the rebellion as a reason to not let the colonists settle west of the Appalachians- it was too costly and difficult to defend and control that area. Therefore, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding the colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

French and Indian War

100

What was George Washington's role in the French and Indian War?

He was an important major at 21 years old, on the side of the British, and was in charge of commanding the French to give up claims in the Ohio River Valley area in 1753. Of course, the French refused to do so.

200

What importance did the Ohio River Valley play in the French and Indian War?

The Ohio River Valley was an important area to the French for fur trading, and also connected French territory in Canada and the Louisiana Territory. When the British and French disagreed over ownership of land in the Ohio River Valley, conflicts and fighting ensued, which was considered to be the beginnings of the French and Indian War.

300

What was the Proclamation of 1763, and how did it impact relations between the British and the colonists?

The Proclamation of 1763 forbade the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The colonists were furious that they were not allowed to settle in the land they had just "won" in the French and Indian War, and many colonists even ignored the law. The British were surprised by the outrage of the colonists, and considered them to be ungrateful for all the British had done for them in the French and Indian War. This greatly increased tensions between the British and the colonists, which helped lead to the Revolutionary War.

400

What were 4 terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?

1. Britain got French lands east of the Mississippi River. 2. Spain got New Orleans and French territory west of the Mississippi River. 3. Britain got Florida in exchange for Cuba and the Philippines (which it had seized from Spain). 4. France lost all power in North America.

500

How were Pontiac's Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763 related, and how did the Proclamation contribute to revolutionary fervor in the colonies?

Pontiac's Rebellion occurred after the British began moving into French forts in the land the British won according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The French had a much better relationship with the natives than the British did, who refused to give the natives supplies as the French had. Natives attacked and destroyed nearly every British fort west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British saw the rebellion as a reason to not let the colonists settle west of the Appalachians- it was too costly and difficult to defend and control that area. Therefore, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding the colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. The colonists were furious that they were not allowed to settle in the land they had just "won" in the French and Indian War, and many colonists even ignored the law. The British were surprised by the outrage of the colonists, and considered them to be ungrateful for all the British had done for them in the French and Indian War.