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this effect describes our tendency to remember information better when we relate it to ourselves?
WHAT IS THE SELF REFERENCE EFFECT!
according to CRAIK + LOCKHART, this type of DEEP PROCESSING leads to much better recall than shallow processing?
WHAT IS SEMANTIC PROCESSING!
an alternative name for for the levels of processing approach
WHAT IS THE DEPTH OF PROCESSING APPROACH?
this concept suggests we are more likely to recall a word that applies to us rather than one that does not?
WHAT IS THE POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE EFFECT?
thinking about a word’s meaning or its personal relevance are both examples of this kind of processing
this term refers to how a stimulus stands out because it differs from other memory traces, helping to reduce interference
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVENESS?
this process involves relating a stimulus to other material and adding DETAIL to the memory
WHAT IS ELABORATION
while asking about a wide nose is considered "shallow," asking "does this person look honest?" is an example of what memory-enhancing approach?
WHAT IS DEEP PROCESSING?
one reason we remember self relevant info so well is that the "self" provides a very rich set of...
WHAT ARE CUES?
this type of processing, which focuses on how a word looks, is considered shallow and leads to poor recall
WHAT IS VISUAL PROCESSING?
these two researchers proposed the original levels of processing approach in 1972
WHO ARE CRAIK + LOCKHART!
this 1997 meta analysis proved that the self reference effect is a "robust" and consistent finding.
WHO ARE SYMONS + JOHNSON?
in the rogers et al. (1977) study, this specific processing condition resulted in the BEST recall
WHAT IS THE SELF REFERENCE CONDITION?
according to the data, self relevant material is more likely to be subject to what repetitive memory process?
WHAT IS REHEARSAL?
comparing the sentence "SHE COOKED THE RABBIT" vs. a much longer, more detailed sentence about a bird and a rabbit is an example of testing...
WHAT IS ELABORATION!
this 1999 study found that participants often used self reference even when they were only told to visualize an object
WHO ARE FOLEY ET AL?
in the FOLEY study, recall was this many times higher for those who used self reference compared to those who didn't?
WHAT IS THREE TIMES HIGHER?
because participants in the FOLEY study often "CHEATED" by using self reference in the control group, researchers believe the effect may actually be....
WHAT IS UNDERESTIMATED?
the self reference effect encourages us to think about how these personal elements are interconnected
WHAT ARE PERSONAL TRAITS?
between acoustic, visual, semantic, and self reference, this option is ranked BETTER than visual but WORSE than self reference?
WHAT IS ACOUSTIC/SEMANTIC?
this specific statistical method was used by SYMONS & JOHNSON to summarize the results of many different research studies on the self reference effect
WHAT IS META ANALYSIS?
the levels of processing approach argues that this type of processing, focusing on sound, is less effective than semantic processing
WHAT IS ACOUSTIC PROCESSING?
this is the specific reason why distinctiveness helps our memory. it helps to reduce...
WHAT IS INTERFERENCE?
in the foley et al. study, one group was told to visualize the object while the other was told to visualize...
WHAT IS THEMSELVES USING THE OBJECT?
rogers et al. tested four characteristics.
list them in order from worst recall to best recall
SEMANTIC - SELF REFERENCE - VISUAL - ACOUSTIC
(not in any specific order)
BEST - ( VISUAL, ACOUSTIC, SEMANTIC, SELF REFERENCE) - WORST