Ants/Spiders
Do spiders eat pollen/nectar?
Yes
What is the substance that hemipterans produce when consuming carbohydrates?
Honeydew
What is the term for a butterfly larva?
Caterpillar
What is the main type of relationship discussed in this chapter?
Mutualism
What is the term for an ant-plant relationship
Myrmecophily
Do ants directly benefit by removing fungal microbes from hemipterans?
No
Are butterfly larval secretions less rich than plant and hemipteran secretions?
No
From what organ do plants provide insects that are not pollinators with nectar?
Extrafloral nectaries
By how much is plant fitness decreased when ants are not present?
60%
What is the term for a parasite that attacks other parasites?
Hyperparasitoid
What is the term for acoustic signaling produced by butterfly larvae?
Stridulation
Name one factor that is currently endangering biotic defense relationships.
Climate change, fragmentation, deforestation
How many viable seeds on average are produced by plants patrolled by both spiders and ants?
13
What are the two main members of the Hemipteran order discussed in this chapter?
Aphids, membracids
Which two lepidopteran families compose 75% of all ant-butterfly interactions?
Lycaenidae/Riodinidae
How many levels of interaction are there in biotic defense relationships?
3
Which families of plants take advantage of myrmecophily?
Gymnosperms, angiosperms, pteridophytes
What percentage of ants on a host plant will forage on honeydew when hemipterans are present?
50%
What compound do butterfly larvae produce to avoid being attacked by ants?
Cuticular hydrocarbons
What theory provides a three-dimensional view of networks that represent interspecies interactions?
Graph Theory