Carbohydrates
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
What is the main function of lipids?
Long-term energy storage, insulation, or membrane structure
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acid
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Which macromolecule provides the most energy per gram?
Lipids
Name the bond that links monosaccharides together.
Glycosidic Bond
What makes phospholipids unique in water?
They are amphipathic (have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions)
What type of bond links amino acids?
Peptide bond
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
What do dehydration reactions do?
Join monomers by removing water (form bonds)
Give an example of a structural polysaccharide.
Cellulose, Chitin
Name the type of fat with no double bonds.
Saturated fat
Name the four levels of protein structure.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
What bonds hold DNA strands together?
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
What is hydrolysis?
Breaks bonds by adding water
What type of reaction breaks down disaccharides?
Hydrolysis
What is the structure of a steroid?
Four fused carbon rings
What causes denaturation of proteins?
Heat, pH changes, or chemicals that disrupt bonds
How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is single-stranded, has ribose instead of deoxyribose, and uses uracil instead of thymine
Name a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
Phospholipid
How do starch and cellulose differ structurally?
Starch has α-glucose linkages, cellulose has β-glucose linkages
How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ?
Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the structure
What happens when a protein misfolds?
It can lose function, cause diseases like Alzheimer's or sickle cell anemia
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Purines: Adenine & Guanine; Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
What happens if an enzyme loses its shape?
It becomes denatured and loses function