Skeletal
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Provides the shape and form of the body
Supports and protects the internal organs
Creates movement: interaction of muscular & skeletal systems
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What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
What is the main function of the nervous system?
Answer: To transmit and coordinate signals throughout the body, providing communication between body parts
What is a joint?
ANSWERS:
Structure in the body where two or more bones meet
Formed from the articulation of two bones
Supported by ligaments to connect bone to bone
What do mechanoreceptors sense?
Touch and pressure
What’s the difference between the two bone markings? (Depression v. Processes)
Depressions are flattened or indented portions of bone
Processes are projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control, allowing movement and heat generation?
Skeletal muscle
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What are the four main electrolytes needed for proper nerve function?
Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water
What are joint primarily made of?
Proteins: collagen and elastin
What are joint receptors?
Receptors located in and around the joint are in the joint capsule and respond to the joint’s pressure, acceleration, and deceleration.
What is osteoporosis?
a condition of reduced BMD (bone mineral density), which increases risk of bone fracture
What is the role of the neuromuscular junction?
It’s the gap (synapse) where a motor neuron communicates with a muscular fiber to trigger contraction
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Sensory, integrative, and motor functions
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What do the proteins provide to the joints?
Collagen provides strength and structure
Elastin provides elasticity
What are muscle spindles?
Sensory receptors in the muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to changes in the muscle length and the rate of those changes.
Receptors that cause a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening (aka overstretching)
True or false: Bones are constantly renewed via remodeling and the work of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
True
Explain the “all or nothing principle” of muscle contraction.
Motor units either contract maximally or not at all; they cannot vary the strength of contraction
What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems?
The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves that connect to the rest of the body to the CNS
What are synovial joints?
Joints with a fluid-filled joint capsule containing synovial fluid
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What are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)?
Specialized sensory receptors that are in the area where the skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscles.
Receptors that are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
Name three types of bones and provide an example of each
Long = humerus, femur
Short = carpals of wrist, tarsals of ankle
Flat = scapula, sternum
Irregular = vertebrae
Sesamoid = patella
What are the main differences between Type I and Type II muscle fibers?
Type I Fibers: Slow twitch, high endurance, many mitochondria, fatigue slowly (used for posture/stabilization)
Type II Fibers: Fast twitch, larger size, generate more force and power but fatigue quickly (used for strength and power)
Describe the function of the three main parts of a neuron.
1. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons.
2. The cell body contains the nucleus and organelles.
3. The axon transmits signals away from the neuron to muscles, organs, and glands.
Name three synovial joint subtypes and give an example for each type
Gliding: nonaxial: carpals of wrist
Condylar/condyloid: predominately uniaxial: joints of fingers
Hinge: uniaxial: elbow, knee
Saddle: multi-axial: thumb
Pivot: uniaxial: C1/C2 joint of vertebral column
Ball & socket: multi-axial: hip, shoulder
Out of all the receptors we’ve gone over in class, which one is most important for a fitness professional to understand
Mechanoreceptors, because it relates most to the science of human movement, and includes muscle spindles, GTOs, and joint receptors
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