Functions & Tissue Types
What are the five main functions of the skeletal system listed in the presentation?
1. Support the body
2. Protection of soft organs
3. Allow movement via attached muscles
4. Store minerals and fats
5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
What are the four groups bones are classified into based on their shape?
Long, Flat, Short, and Irregular.
What is the name of the shaft of a long bone, and what type of bone tissue composes it?
The Diaphysis, it is composed of compact bone.
What two components give bone its flexibility/tensile strength and its hardness/compression resistance?
Collagen fibers provide flexibility/tensile strength, while calcium salts provide hardness/compression resistance.
What is the difference between a closed fracture and an Open fracture?
A Closed fracture does not penetrate the skin. An Open fracture is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin.
What are the two types of osseous tissue, and how is spongy bone described structurally?
The two types are Compact bone and Spongy bone. Spongy bone is described as having small needlelike pieces of bone with many open spaces.
Which bone classification is cube-shaped, contains mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone, and includes the patella?
Short Bones
What is the function of the articular cartilage found on the outer covering of the epiphysis?
It decreases friction at joint surfaces.
What is the term for the process of bone formation, and what tissue in embryos ossifies to form bone?
The process is Ossification. Hyaline cartilage in embryos ossifies in children.
What are the two main steps in the treatment of bone fractures?
Reduction (realignment) and Immobilization (cast/splint).
Based on the slide describing flat bones, how are compact bone and spongy bone arranged in these structures?
Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone.
Describe the structural composition of Flat bones and list three examples.
They are thin, flattened, and usually curved, consisting of two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
Examples: Ribs, Sternum, Scapula
What is the epiphyseal plate, and what happens to it in adult bones post-puberty?
It is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone that causes lengthwise growth. In adults, it becomes the epiphyseal line.
What is the outer covering of the diaphysis called, and what type of tissue is it made of?
The Periosteum, it is made of dense connective tissue.
List the four events that occur during bone fracture repair in order.
1. A hematoma is formed.
2. Cartilage begins to form.
3. Spongy bone replaces cartilage.
4. Bone is remodeled/gets stronger.
Why are bones considered organs rather than just tissues, and what specific connective tissues do they contain?
Bones are organs because they contain not only osseous tissue but also various other connective tissues fibrous tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood.
Long bones are typically longer than they are wide. Where is the spongy bone located in a long bone, and where is the compact bone primarily found?
Spongy bone is found at the ends, while compact bone makes up the majority of the shaft.
The medullary cavity contains marrow. How does the type of marrow in this cavity change from birth to age 7 compared to adulthood?
From birth to age 7, it contains only red marrow for blood cell formation. In adults, most is replaced by yellow marrow.
What lines the inner surface of the shaft (inside the diaphysis) and is also made of connective tissue?
The Endosteum.
What is Osteoporosis, and what is the primary lifestyle recommendation to prevent or delay it?
Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease that makes bones easily fracture. To prevent it, one must constantly remain active so bones are physically stressed to remain strong.
Clinical Scenario: A patient has a deficiency in calcium storage and is unable to produce red blood cells. Based on the "Functions of Bones" slide, which two specific functions are failing, and where in the bone does the fat storage occur?
The failing functions are storing minerals and blood cell formation. Fat is stored in the internal marrow cavity.
A patient has a fracture in the mandible and another in a vertebra. Based on the classification slides, what category do these bones fall into, and why are they not classified as long or flat bones?
These are Irregular bones. They do not fit into other categories due to their irregular shape, and while they have both bone types, their distribution varies unlike the consistent patterns in long or flat bones.
Clinical Scenario: A patient suffers a major hemorrhage. Based on the slide about the medullary cavity, what physiological change might occur in their bone marrow to compensate?
The yellow marrow in the medullary cavity can convert back to red marrow to increase blood cell production to compensate for the loss.
Why is bone considered relatively lightweight despite being hard, and how does the body utilize daily stress to maintain bone strength?
Bone is lightweight due to the specific arrangement of collagen and calcium salts. The body utilizes daily stress through remodeling, where bone gets stronger based on the daily stresses placed upon it.
Clinical Scenario: A patient has a simple fracture. The doctor explains the healing timeline and the surgical option if the bones are severely misaligned. What is the healing time for a simple fracture, and what is the name of the surgery involving pins or wires?
Healing time is 6-8 weeks. The surgery involving pins or wires is called Open reduction (specifically Open Reduction Internal Fixation).