Energy
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one type to another
What is a enzyme?
protein catalysts in living cells
Where do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions occur in metabolic pathways
What are 3 phases of Glycolysis?
1. Energy investment
2. Cleavage
3. Energy liberation
Give a example of a microorganism in oxygen deficient environment
Yeast
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy transfers increase the total entropy (disorder) of a system
Which factors can affect enzyme activity
Temperature and PH
In a metabolic pathway, the product of one reaction....
Becomes the substrate for the next enzyme
What molecule is removed from each pyruvate?
CO2
What does pyruvate reduce to?
Lactate
ΔG>0
Spontaneity?
What type of reaction?
Non-spontaneous
Endergonic
What is a catalyst?
An agent that speeds up the rate of
a chemical reaction (without being consumed)
during the reaction
What do catabolic pathways to to energy?
Catabolic pathways generate energy (or ATP)
Where does ATP synthesis occur?
ATP synthesis occurs in matrix side
Define fermentation
production of ATPs via substrate-level phosphorylation only because of anaerobic environment
Explain exergonic vs endergonic reactions
Exergonic- energy released during reaction
Endergonic- addition of energy needed to drive reaction
Enzymes speed up reactions by?
Lowering activation energy
What do anabolic pathways do to energy?
Anabolic pathways consumes energy (or ATP)
What are the 4 metabolic pathways?
1. Glycolysis
2. Breakdown of pyruvate
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
During aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
oxygen
Main role of ATP in cells
Store and transfer energy for cellular work
Competitive inhibitors work by?
Binding to the enzyme’s active site, blocking the substrate
How does a catabolic reaction generate ATP?
Breaking down glucose
Release of electrons
Electron transfer to NADH
NADH moves to mitochondrial ETC
Electrons flow across the mitochondrial
membrane generationg potential energy
Enzyme utilizes the potential energy
to create ATP
Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, give an example of other acceptor it uses
Use a different acceptor such as nitrate, sulfur
During fermentation, NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺. Why is this step crucial?
To allow glycolysis to continue generating ATP