Routes and Barriers
This route is most convenient but slowest due to stomach/intestinal hurdles.
What is oral administration?
These glial cells wrap capillaries and help maintain tight junctions.
What are astrocytes?
Agonists do this to neurotransmitter activity; antagonists do the opposite.
What is: Agonists enhance; antagonists block.
This type of substance blocks ACh release, leading to paralysis.
What is Botulin/Botox
This occurs when repeated drug use leads to a diminished effect, requiring higher doses to achieve the same result.
What is drug tolerance?
High-frequency, low-amplitude waves recorded when alert are known as these.
What are beta waves?
This route gives very fast delivery into blood but requires drugs to be hydrophilic.
What is intravenous (IV) injection?
This brainstem region detects blood toxins and triggers vomiting- an intentional BBB “leak.”
What is the area postrema?
L-DOPA → dopamine is a drug action at this synaptic step.
What is synthesis?
This type of neurotransmitter has different effects depending on where it acts:
On skeletal muscle, it is excitatory, triggering muscle contraction.
On cardiac muscle, it is inhibitory, slowing the heart rate.
What is Acetylcholine, or ACh?
The opposite of tolerance, this condition makes a person more responsive to a drug after repeated exposure, often seen with psychostimulants.
What is drug sensitivity?
This magnetic counterpart of EEG measures fields produced by neuronal currents.
What is magnetoencephalography (MEG)?
This route bypasses the gut, giving rapid access via the lungs to blood.
What is inhalation?
Areas where BBB is weaker or even absent
What is the pituitary gland? What is the pineal gland?
SSRIs primarily act by blocking this serotonin process.
What is reuptake?
This class of drug is a GABA agonist and reduces anxiety
What is Antianxiety agents and sedative hypnotics?
According to this theory, addiction arises because this component of drug use, which is driven by dopamine and incentive salience, increases, while the actual pleasure decreases.
What is the “wanting” component in the wanting–liking theory?
This treatment involves implanting electrodes to stimulate deep brain regions for disorders like Parkinson’s.
What is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?
Primary site for drug catabolism/metabolism
GLUT1 transporters bring this essential fuel across the BBB.
What is glucose?
This inhibitory neurotransmitter helps calm neuronal activity, and too little of it causes anxiety.
GABA
This class of drug is thought to block D2 receptors, reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia
What is Antipsychotic agents?
When tolerance to one drug reduces the response to another drug acting on similar neural systems, like alcohol and benzodiazepines.
What is cross-tolerance?
This noninvasive method uses a magnetic field at the skull surface to excite or inhibit cortical neurons.
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
Of weak acids and weak bases, which is absorbed best in stomach and which in intestine?
Weak acids in the stomach; weak bases in the intestine
Name two conditions where the BBB breaks down, compromising protection.
What are stroke, MS, or tbi?
This neurotransmitter is the brain’s main excitatory chemical messenger, increasing the likelihood that neurons will fire.
What is glutamate?
This hypothesis proposes that too much of this type of neurotransmitter leads to positive symptoms of schizophrenia
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
Will also take What is the serotonin hypothesis?
This approach reduces or removes criminal penalties for possession and use of illegal substances.
What is the decriminalization approach?
This MRI-based method tracks the diffusion of water along axons to map white-matter tracts.
What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?