Metabolism
Define metabolism
The sum of chemical processes that an organism uses to get energy from food to grow and function
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine TriPhosphate
What are the 4 possible nitrogenous bases in DNA, and how do they pair together?
A-T (Adenine, Thymine)
G-C (Guanine, Cytosine)
T/F: Translation is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA
False - this is transcription
T/F: Translation is the process by which RNA is converted into amino acids
True!
How do autotrophs get their food?
They produce it themselves
ex: Plants using photosynthesis
Which is higher energy:
A. ATP
B. ADP
A. ATP
ADP must be recycled and converted back to ATP in order to be used for energy
What is a mutation?
When DNA is replicated, mutations occur when mistakes are made in the nucleotides that are added
Which of the following is NOT a difference between RNA and DNA?
a. Instead of Thymine (T), RNA has Uracil (U)
b. Instead of deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose
c. RNA is not capable of forming base pairs
d. RNA is typically single stranded instead of double stranded
c. RNA is not capable of forming base pairs
RNA does form base pairs, this is critical for both transcription and translation
What is the word for the 3 nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for specific amino acids?
Codons
Codons in mRNA align with the anticodons on tRNAs that carry amino acids
Photosynthesis is an example of ___________
A. Anabolism
B. Catabolism
A. Anabolism
Energy from light is stored in cells, the products of photosynthesis have more energy than the reactants
How is ATP converted to ADP?
The third phosphate group on ATP breaks off, releasing energy and converting the ATP molecule to ADP, adenosine diphosphate
Which of the following is NOT found in nucleotides?
a. Phosphate group
b. Amino group
c. Sugar/Ribose
d. Nitrogenouse base
b. Amino group
These are found in amino acids, or proteins
What is messenger RNA (mRNA) used for?
What is the difference between introns and exons?
Introns are removed from RNA sequences prior to translation, exons are retained and code for proteins.
What is the process of catabolism?
Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules in order to release stored energy
Why are ATP molecules useful as energy "currency" within the cell?
The structure of ATP allows the cell to easily access energy stored in the bonds of the phosphate groups
Why is DNA critical for life?
The sequence of our DNA contains instructions to make proteins necessary for life.
a. In the Nucleus
b. In the Golgi Apparatus
c. In Ribosomes
c. In Ribosomes
The r in rRNA is for ribosomal
What kind of bond joins amino acids together?
a. Hydrogen Bonds
b. Peptide Bonds
c. Ionic Bonds
b. Peptide Bonds
Bonus: How are hydrogen bonds used in DNA?
What do organisms do with the energy they get from food or light?
Some energy will be stored as starches and fat. This can then be used later on when they are broken down and energy is released.
Why can't cells use food molecules for energy directly? Why must it be converted to ATP?
There is too much energy stored in food molecules, and it would be unmanageable for cells to access that energy. ATP molecules are easily used and recycled, and they release appropriate amounts of energy.
How is DNA replicated?
What are tRNAs used for?
tRNAs carry amino acids and have anticodons to align them with mRNA. The t is for transfer RNA.
Transcription takes place in the ___________ while translation takes place in the ___________
Options: Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria
Nucleus, Cytoplasm