exfoliation
Name 3 different AHA's
glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid
what are the 2 types of sunscreen?
physical and chemical
name 3 healing ingredients
growth factors, aloe vera, ceramides, fatty acids, squalene, peptides, beta gluten, hyaluronic acid, glycerin, vitamin e
at a cellular level, what do lighteners and brighteners do?
calm the melanocyte and brighten existing pigmentation
what is the most common functional ingredient?
water
how do enzymes exfoliate the skin?
Gently eat away dead skin cells like little pac man
how does physical spf protect the skin?
reflecting the uv rays
what are humectants?
bind water to the skin for hydration
what lightener is controversial?
hydroquinone
define what a functional ingredient is
added to the formula to improve how a product works or feels
what AHA has the smallest molecular weight?
glycolic acid
how does chemical spf protect the skin?
absorbing the rays, converts to heat, releases low level heat from the skin
what are stem cells
they help the skin repair itself and can be derived from human bone marrow, made in a lab, or derived from plants. used mostly in treatments to boost results
what is a melanin suppressant also known as?
tyrosinase inhibitor
what do preservative do?
prolong the shelf life
name 2 different physical exfoliators
jojoba beads and ground nuts
name a physical spf ingredient
zinc oxide or titanium dioxide
what are ceramides?
skin identical lipids that seal in moisture, protect against irritants and bacteria, reduce inflammation and sensitivity, and prevent TEWL
name 3 brighteners
kojic acid, licorice root, vitamin c, alpha arbutus, tranexamic acid, azelaic acid
name 3 functional ingredients
water, parabens, carbomer, solvents, emulsifiers
what are 3 benefits of exfoliation
boosted hydration, brightening, stimulate collagen
what form of spf is better for sensitive skin?
physical spf
What are emollients?
ingredients that soften and smooth the skin. usually in moisturizers
(ceramides are a specific lipid and emollients is an umbrella term)
what can overuse of hydroquinone lead to?
ochronosis (blue-black discoloration)
name an example of a thickener
carbomer