Definitions
A change in thought or behavior, resulting from an experience.
Learning
A __________ stimulus elicits a response only after learning has taken place.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A learning process in which an action’s consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future.
Operant conditioning
Anything in the environment to which an organism can react to.
Stimulus
A ___________ response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.
Conditioned response (CR)
You have spent the past 2 weeks studying for this exam. When you ace the exam, you receive a special sticker on your test as well as special recognition from the professor. Because of this, you decide to use similar studying methods when preparing for the next exam. What is this is an example of?
Positive reinforcement
Any behavior resulting from the stimulus.
Response
A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Connor to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a(n) __________ and the blink was a(n) __________.
Unconditioned stimulus (US); unconditioned response (UR)
Natalie gets into her car and looks in her rearview mirror as she prepares to reverse. When she starts her car and begins to reverse, a series of low-tone beeps blare back at her until she buckles her seatbelt. This alert is an example of?
Negative reinforcement
This type of learning involves learning the relationship between two pieces of information.
Associative learning
On the first day of Sam’s job at the fish market, she was so overwhelmed by the smell that she was concerned about being able to stay on at the job. What form of non-associative learning would lead us to predict that Sam will not have to quit due to the smell?
Habituation
Billy returned home late from a date and his parents grounded him for a month. Chris also arrived home late, but his parents told him that if he's on time for the next several days, he will get an increase in allowance. Should we expect Billy or Chris to come home on time in the next several days?
Chris
A type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.
Classical conditioning
With this type of conditioning, the target behavior is elicited automatically, the reward is given unconditionally, and the behavior primarily depends on the autonomic nervous system.
Classical conditioning
A trainer at a local zoo is working on getting their dolphins to jump through a hoop 8 feet above the water. When they first trained the dolphins, the animals were rewarded for any approximate behavior, such as swimming near the hoop, jumping above the water, or touching the hoop with the tip of their nose. What is this process known as?
Shaping