Classical Conditioning
In Pavlov's original studies of digestion, the meat served as:
A) CS
B) CR
C) UCS
D) UCR
C) UCS
During extinction, the ____ is omitted; as a result, the ____ seems to disappear.
A) UCS; UCR
B) CS; CR
C) UCS; CR
D) CS; UCR
C) UCS; CR
Oliver's teacher scolded him in front of the class when he spoke over her. He hasn't dared to speak over her again.
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Discrimination
C) Punishment
On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
A) in very small amounts
B) randomly
C) for successive approximations of a desired behavior
D) only some of the time
D) only some of the time
Cognitive processes are:
A) unimportant in classical and operant conditioning
B) important in both classical and operant conditioning
C) more important in classical than in operant conditioning
D) more important in operant than in classical conditioning
B) important in both classical and operant conditioning
You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n) ____; your dog's salivation is a(n) ____.
A) CS; CR
B) CS; UCR
C) UCS; CR
D) UCS; UCR
A) CS; CR
In order to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
A) extinction
B) generalization
C) classical conditioning
D) discrimination
D) discrimination
Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?
A) presenting a positive stimulus after a response
B) removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
C) being told that you have done a good job
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Lucas has been playing a new action game. He has become invested in it because he earns a new weapon for every 10 enemies he kills. Which schedule is affecting his behavior?
A) fixed-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
A) fixed-ratio
After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games". Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) latent learning
D) shaping
B) observational learning
Two groups of rats receive trials in which a tone and electric shock are presented. For Group 1 the electric shock always follows the tone. For Group 2 the tone and shock occur randomly. Which of the following is likely to result?
A) The tone will become a CS for Group 1 but not for Group 2.
B) The tone will become a CS for Group 2 but not for Group 1.
C) The tone will become a CS for both groups.
D) The tone will not become a CS for either group.
A) The tone will become a CS for Group 1 but not for Group 2.
In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred:
A) during acquisition, when the CS was first paired with the UCS.
B) during extinction, when the CS was first presented by itself.
C) when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.
D) during discrimination training, when several conditioned stimuli were introduced.
C) when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.
Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:
A) discrimination learning
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) classical conditioning
E) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
A) fixed-interval
After discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of
A) latent learning
B) observational learning
C) shaping
D) using a cognitive map
D) using a cognitive map
As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify:
UCR
UCS
CS
CR
UCR: your crying
UCS: your mother's behavior
CS: cat
CR: fear of cats today
Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars is an example of:
A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) latent learning
D) extinction
B) generalization
Which of the following is an example of shaping?
A) A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog biscuits
B) A new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the light changes to red
C) A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for "speaking" its owner's name.
D) A psychology student reinforces a laboratory rat only occasionally, to make its behavior more resistant to extinction
C) A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for "speaking" its owner's name.
Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?
A) Learning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
B) Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
C) Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest after continuous reinforcement
D) Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest following intermittent reinforcement
B) Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:
Latent learning
Your new alarm clock gives a small click before the alarm goes off. After a few weeks of using this clock, you find yourself waking up when you hear the click (before the alarm sounds).
Identify: 1. the unconditioned response
2. the unconditioned stimulus
3. the conditioned stimulus
4. the conditioned response
Now that the click on your alarm clock wakes you up, you turn off the alarm before it goes off.
5. Is your behavior of waking up at the sound of the click being positively reinforced, negatively reinforced, or punished?
6. What is the discriminative stimulus in this example?
1. waking up because that's your natural response
2. alarm sound because it naturally produces waking
3. click, previous neutral stimulus that now predicts the alarm
4. waking up before the alarm goes off because you wake up in response to the click
5. negative reinforcement
6. the click
David at BGSU would press a button that said "that was easy" and would shoot his roommate, Bryan, with an airsoft gun. He did this several times and eventually conditioned Bryan to flinch whenever he would hear the "That Was Easy" button. What could they do to extinguish this?
David could repeatedly press the "That Was Easy" button without shooting Bryan with the airsoft gun.
In distinguishing between negative reinforcement and punishment, we note that:
A) punishment, but not negative reinforcement, involves use of an aversive stimulus.
B) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
C) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
D) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the termination of an aversive stimulus
D) in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the termination of an aversive stimulus.
Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) variable-interval; fixed-ratio
B) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
C) fixed-ratio; fixed interval
D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio
D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio
Hannah’s parents and older friends all drive over the speed limit, but they advise her not to speed. Breonna’s parents and friends drive within the speed limit, but they say nothing to deter her from speeding. Will Hannah or Breonna be more likely to speed? Why?
Hannah. She is observing models who actually speed