a type of learning that involves stimulus- response connections, in which the response is conditional on the stimulus
What is conditioning?
100
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, automatic response
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
100
in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar
What is discrimination?
100
a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response
What is reinforcement?
100
a timetable for when and how often reinforcement for a particular behavior occurs
What is a schedule of reinforcement?
200
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response
What is classical conditioning?
200
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response
What is an unconditioned response?
200
a fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning that involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished
What is flooding?
200
stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning
What are primary reinforcers?
200
the reinforcement of a desired response every time it occurs
What is continuous reinforcement?
300
a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation
What is taste aversion?
300
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
What is a conditioned response?
300
a fear-reduction technique based on the principles of classical conditioning that involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished
What is systematic desensitization?
300
stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with a primary reinforcer
What are secondary reinforcers?
300
a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced
What is partial reinforcement?
400
in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus
What is extinction?
400
a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response
What is a conditioned stimulus?
400
a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response
What is counterconditioning?
400
encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented
What are positive reinforcers?
400
in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal
What is shaping?
500
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed
What is spontaneous recovery?
500
the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics
What is generalization?
500
learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement
What is operant conditioning?
500
unpleasant stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed
What are negative reinforcers?
500
in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action