Deep Ecology
This Norwegian philosopher is considered the founder of Deep Ecology.
Who is Arne Naess?
Name one of the key founders of “ecofeminism”
Françoise D’Eaubonne/ Karen Warren/ Carolyn Merchant
This socialist thinker pioneered the Social Ecology movement.
Who is Murray Bookchin?
Environmental justice often focuses on humans, but it can ignore the needs of these other living beings.
What are animals?
Green political movements focus on using clean energy, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. This is called…
What is sustainability and climate action?
Deep Ecology emphasizes equality across these two levels of beings.
What are species and individuals?
What two things does ecofeminism link together?
feminism and the environment
Social Ecology argues that ecological problems are rooted in these human systems of inequality.
What are social hierarchies?
This happens when toxic waste or pollution mostly affects poor or minority communities.
What is environmental racism?
Some Greens think a country’s success should be measured by happiness and quality of life instead of this economic number.
What is GDP (gross domestic product)?
What does deep ecology reject?
What is exploitation?
What societies believe exploiting nature and oppressing women are linked historically but not universally?
Western Societies
This environmental philosophy is criticized for being human-centered and neglecting non-human interests.
What is Social Ecology?
The Navajo people in the U.S. were harmed by this type of mining, which caused dangerous contamination.
What is uranium mining?
One way Greens try to help the planet is by reducing the harm caused by economic growth. This is called…
What is minimizing growth’s environmental impact?
According to Naess, self-realization comes through this process of expanding our identity to include other beings.
What is identification?
Name two of the false opposites that ecofeminists argue society creates
male/female, nature/culture, and reason (masculinity) /emotion (femininity)
Social Ecology emphasizes this type of collective governance, where people directly shape decisions.
What is democratic participation (or decision making)?
Sending old electronics and toxic waste to countries like India, China, and African nations shows this problem is worldwide.
What is global environmental inequality?
Another approach the Greens support is building communities focused on shared values and virtues instead of only money.
What is promoting communal values & virtues?
One critique of Deep Ecology is that it sidelines this essential process for resolving conflicts between species and generations.
What is ethical reflection?
What does ecofeminism positively encourage?
Encourages new ways of thinking about ethics, society, and the environment
Critics argue that Social Ecology overlooks this ethical issue related to animals, and controversially supports this controversial biotechnology.
What are animal exploitation and genetic engineering?
Name two countries where E-waste is the prominent
India/Africa/Bangladesh/China
What does the Green Movement replace/modify?
What are capitalist structures?