Cell Discovery & Theory
specialized structures that perform specific cell functions.
Organelles
two layers of phospholipids arranged to allow the membrane to exist in a watery environment
Phospholipid Bilayer
the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
Both plant and animal cells have this layer that helps keep fluids and other organelles inside the cell.
The Cell Membrane
What is the definition of a phospholipid bilayer?
Two layers of phospholipids arranged to allow the membrane to exist in a watery environment
All cells have a _____ (define missing term also)
plasma membrane, a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell.
This trait allow some substances to pass through a membrane while keeping others out
selective permeability
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
The membrane-bound sac used for temporary storage and are only found in plant cells.
The Vacuole
What is the definition of a hypotonic solution?
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.
1.All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2.Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living things
3.Cells arise only from previously existing cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells
Cell theory
manages the fluidity of the membrane and stops the phospholipids sitting too closely together
cholesterol
over a period of time, diffusion will occur until ___ is reached
dynamic equilibrium
This organelle is inside the nucleus and is the site of ribosome production. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
The Nucleolus
These pumps are found in the plasma membrane of animal cells
Na+/K+ Pumps maintain levels of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell.
Explain the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes do. prokaryotes are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, but are probably similar to the first organisms on earth.
this part of the phospholipid bilayer stabilizes the cell membrane by making hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules. They support cell recognition and triggering immune responses.
Glycolipids
define the relationship of solute to cytoplasm of a cell within a Hypertonic solution, a hypotonic solution, and an isotonic solution.
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solute than cytoplasm
Hypotonic: lower concentration of solute than cytoplasm
Isotonic: Same concentration on either side of the membrane. water will continue to move in and out of the cell at the same rate.
This organelle is found in plant cells and some other eukaryotes. It captures light and converts in into chemical energy. Inside the organelle are multiple small disk called thylakoids.
Chloroplast
What is a glycoprotein and what does it do?
A protein with a carbohydrate attached, which allows it to act as a receptor molecule. They can bind with certain substances and some act as cell markers for cell-to-cell recognition.
Cells are so small that scientists had no idea what organisms were made of until ___, when man named ____ made a simple microscope and looked at a piece of cork
1665, Robert Hooke
Explain the difference between glycolipids and glycoproteins
Glycolipids are carbohydrate chain attached to a lipid, whereas a glycoprotein is the same chain, only attached to a peripheral protein. Both help with cell to cell recognition but glycolipids trigger immune responses and glycoproteins act as cell receptors.
explain the differences between passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
active transport requires energy, facilitated diffusion and passive transport both use energy. facilitated diffusion only comes with the aid of a carrier protein remaining open.
Explain the difference between the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes on it making it rough and produces proteins for the cell to use, while the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum has no ribosomes on it and synthesizes lipids.
What does cholesterol do?
Cholesterol manages the fluidity of the membrane and stops the phospholipids from sitting too closely together.