Basic learning concepts and classical conditioning I
________is the process of acquiring experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
Learning
_________ is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned response
_______ is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
Define instinctive drift
tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.
What do we call the person the children look up to
A model
How do we learn by association?
By connecting events that occur in sequence
What kind of conditioning helps us prepare for good and back situations?
Classical conditioning
True or False
Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
False, Negative reinforcement strenghtens a response by reducing or removing sometin negative
Learning by observation is also known as___________.
Observational learning
Who is the researcher and experiment associated with observational learning?
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
The process of learning associations is conditioning. What are the 2 main forms?
1)Classical conditioning
2)Operant conditioning
In Little Albert's experiment, what are the (US)unconditioned and (NS)neutral stimuli?
Unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise
Neutral stimulus was the rat before being linked to the loud noise
Who influenced the intellectual heritage of operant conditioning?
B F Skinner
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is known as, ________________.
Congnitive map
What 2 terms are experienced by watching models
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious punishment
Why are habits hard to break?
When we repeat behaviors, we are learning by association, a lot of the time without awareness
In classical conditioning, what is it called when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?
Acquisition
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning links involuntary response with a neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning links voluntary response with a consequence.
Process of observing and imitating a behavior
Modeling
A term that discusses how environments with high levels of aggression, TV, and videos can affect early childhood
Anti-Social effects
Explain Pavlov's experiment.
unconditioned stimuli US (food) cause unconditioned response in the dog (salivation)
Hes used neutral stimuli (bell) before given the dog food.
After repeating the bell several times, the dog began to salivate when he would hear the bell.
The bell turned from a neutral stimuli to a conditioned stimuli
Define the following abbreviations:
NS
US
UR
CS
CR
NS- neutral stimulus
US- unconditioned stimulus
UR- unconditioned response
CS- conditioned stimulus
CR- conditioned response
Why did Skinner's ideas provoke controversy?
People believed that Skinner's ideas dehumanized people by neglectin their personal freedom and was a way to control people's actions
Biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival values
Preparedness
Fires when a person performs specific actions and when we observe others performing those actions provide a neural basis for imitation and observational learning
Mirror Neurons