Classical Conditioning
More on Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning From Others
100
Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is known as this in classical conditioning
What is a stimulus (stimuli)
100
When a reinforcer is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers it is known by this term
What is a secondary reinforcer
100
This Thorndike law of learning states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened
What is the law of effect
100
When asked how they taught their children to be so polite, Dee and Sam replied, “We make sure we are polite to everyone when the children are around.” Dee and Sam are using this method of learning
What is observational
200
Research on classical conditioning was conducted by this famous Russian physiologist
Who is Pavlov
200
When a novel stimulus produces a response that is similar to the response that already occurs to a conditioned stimulus, the process at work is referred to as this
What is stimulus generalization
200
The process of delivering reinforcement for successive approximations to a desired behavior is referred to as this
What is shaping
200
The natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others is known as this
What is modeling
300
If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is called this
What is an unconditioned stimulus
300
Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats when the appearance of the white rat was always followed by a loud noise. When researchers presented a block of wood, however, Little Albert showed no fear response. Little Albert’s lack of response to the block of wood illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as this
What is stimulus discrimination
300
Angelo loves to go for an aerobic work out every day after he is finished with work because he finds that the vigorous exercise eliminates any stress he is feeling. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that Angelo’s behavior is being influenced by the process referred to as this
What is negative reinforcement
300
The sudden realization of how to solve a problem is known as this
What is insight
400
In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training is referred to as this
What is unconditioned response
400
Niko was hit by a line drive, and afterward he would duck whenever he heard the crack of a bat hitting a baseball. After hearing that sound many times without ever getting hit again by a ball, Niko no longer ducks at the sound of a hit. This is best explained by this classical conditioning term
What is extinction
400
When the presentation of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response’s occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as
What is positive punishment
400
Learning that is hidden until it is reinforced is called this
What is latent learning
500
Research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs soon after this
What is the conditioned stimulus
500
When humans and animals are repeatedly exposed to aversive events that are inescapable or unavoidable, they develop a passive resignation known as this
What is learned helplessness
500
Anita is an author who submits short poems to magazines. She never knows for sure which poems will be selected for publication, but the more poems she submits, the more likely she is to have a poem accepted. Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Anita’s submission of poems is being reinforced based on this schedule
What is variable-ratio
500
This scientist raised concerns regarding the impact of televised violence on children's behavior with a classic series of studies
Who is Albert Bandura
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