Self-Concept
During what stage of childhood does the self-concept shift from overly positive to more accurate?
Mid-late childhood
What is an individual's belief in their ability to control events in their life?
Self-Efficacy
Name two of the four fundamental principles of morality.
Concern for others, fairness/justice, honesty, or self-control
What is prosocial behavior? Give one example.
Behavior intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, or comforting someone.
Sarah is good at coloring, cutting on a dotted line, and tracing. She believes this makes her good at art. What stage of childhood is Sarah most likely in?
Early Childhood
Approximately what percentage of children who show narcissistic traits develop Narcissistic Personality Disorder as adults?
15%
According to Piaget, how does children's understanding of rules change as they grow older?
Younger children tend to see rules as fixed, while older children recognize that rules can be changed through agreement or for a good reason.
A student spreads rumors about a classmate to damage their friendships. What type of aggression is this, and why?
Relational aggression — because it harms someone's social relationships rather than physically hurting them.
What are the main protections against self-esteem loss in children?
Emphasis on individual mastery & on effort and improvement
What are two factors that could cause a child to be narcissistic?
Insecure attachments with caregivers, caregiver overvaluing the child, the child's tendency to overreact to minor frustrations & be impulsive
Two children see someone steal food to feed a hungry family. One says stealing is always wrong, while the other believes helping a family in need may be more important than following the law.
According to Kohlberg's theory, which level of moral reasoning is the second child demonstrating?
Postconventional morality — because the child considers broader ethical principles, such as protecting people's well-being, rather than strictly following laws or rules.
During a group project, James notices two classmates whispering and laughing. James immediately assumes they're making fun of him, even though he doesn't know what they're talking about. He confronts them angrily.
Over the next few weeks, James continues interpreting harmless comments and actions as personal attacks and becomes increasingly aggressive toward his classmates.
What two concepts help explain James's thinking and behavior?
Hostile attributional bias and defensive mindset