Basic Learning
Learning is enduring _________ in behavior that occur with experience.
changes
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Secondary reinforcers are also called ________ reinforcers.
conditioned
According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior—how people become smokers in the first place—is perhaps best explained by ________.
social learning theory
According to research, when a baby sees that he can get a big smile from his mother when he smiles at her, he is likely to smile more often. The mother's smile in response to the infant's is a(n) ________.
reinforcer
What is an essential characteristic of learning? Learning involves what?
Learning involves acquiring new knowledge, skills, values, or behaviors.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) ________.
conditioned response (CR)
Money, grades, and peer approval are ________ reinforcers.
secondary
Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ________.
observational learning
Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he ________.
became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings.
________ is one piece of information that is linked repeatedly with another.
Association
When a conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears.
spontaneous recovery
In the context of schedules of reinforcement, a ________ produces a steep, stepwise pattern of response.
fixed-ration (FR) schedule
Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?
modeling
Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)?
they are involved in imitation and social learning.
Behavior triggered by associations with events in the environment is called
Conditioning
When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between
sound and meat powder
In a ________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.
fixed-interval schedule
Albert Bandura performed the Bobo Doll Studies during the
1960s
This is the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological perspective.
ethology
Conditioning is a form of ________ learning.
Associative
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ________, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.
reflex
________ decrease the frequency of behavior.
Punishers
Learning by watching the behavior of others is called______.
observational
Learning causes physical changes to the _______ _______ in the brain.
neural connections