Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
What is the name of Piaget’s cognitive development stage that occurs between ages 2-7?
Preoperational Stage
Vygotsky believed learning happens through social interaction and culture. What is the name of his theory?
Sociocultural Theory
What is the first stage of memory, where information is briefly stored before processing?
Sensory Memory
What does Theory of Mind (ToM) refer to?
Understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and emotions different from one's own.
A sudden increase in vocabulary in early childhood is called ___.
According to Piaget, young children struggle with understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. What is this concept called?
Conservation
This is the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with assistance.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
This type of memory is where active, conscious thinking takes place.
Working Memory
According to research, at what age do most children pass false-belief tasks?
Around 4-5 years old
When children apply grammar rules incorrectly (e.g., “goed” instead of “went”), what is this called?
Overregularization
This term describes a child’s tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.
Centration
The temporary support provided by an adult or peer to help a child master a task is called ___.
Scaffolding
The process of repeating information to retain it longer is known as ___.
Rehearsal
Which Piagetian concept declines as Theory of Mind develops?
Egocentrism
What is the early childhood education model that emphasizes hands-on learning and a structured daily routine?
High Scope
A child believing that the sun is following them when they walk is an example of what cognitive phenomenon?
Egocentrism
Vygotsky believed that children talk to themselves to solve problems and clarify thoughts. What is this called?
Private Speech
What executive function skill helps children control impulses and focus on tasks?
Self-Regulation
Give an example of a false-belief task used to test children’s understanding of others’ thoughts.
The Sally-Anne Test
Name two major skills that predict later reading success.
Phoenemic Awareness & Vocabulary Development
This type of play, where children use objects symbolically (e.g., using a stick as a sword), is characteristic of the preoperational stage.
Pretend Play
How does Vygotsky’s theory differ from Piaget’s in terms of learning?
Vygotsky emphasized social learning, while Piaget emphasized independent discovery.
How do attention skills develop in early childhood?
Children gradually improve in selective, divided, and sustained attention.
What cultural factors influence Theory of Mind development?
Children in individualistic cultures develop diverse beliefs earlier, while those in collectivistic cultures develop knowledge access earlier.
What are two key characteristics of high-quality preschool programs based on NAEYC standards?
Developmentally appropriate curriculum and positive teacher-child relationships.