The Heart
How many chambers are found in the heart? Name them.
4; Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle
What are the names of the two main vascular vessels?
Arteries and Veins
Name the 4 cardiovascular dynamic variables measured and/or calculated in class?
Heart Rate; Blood Pressure; Stroke Volume; Cardiac Output
What are the two zones in the respiratory system?
Conductive Zone and Respiratory Zone
What is oxygen consumption (VO2)?
The amount of oxygen taken up and consumed by the body for metabolic processes (cellular respiration).
How many valves are found in the heart? Name them.
4; Tricuspid Valve, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Bicuspid (mitral) Valve; Aortic Semilunar Valve
Which vascular vessel carries oxygenated? What is one exception?
Arteries; Pulmonary Artery
What trends occur, over time, when measuring heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output during aerobic exercise?
Heart Rate = Increases
Stroke Volume = Increases
Cardiac Output = Increases
Systolic Blood Pressure = Increases
Diastolic Blood Pressure = Remains the same
What is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
VO2 = Q x a-vO2difference
What are the names of the two circulation cycles pumped via the heart? Which carries oxygenated blood from the heart? Which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart?
Pulmonary Circulation; carries deoxygenated blood from the heart. Systemic Circulation; carries oxygenated blood from the heart.
What is the name of the vascular vessel where gas exchange occurs?
Capillaries
How do you calculate cardiac output (Q)?
Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
What is the respiratory dynamic used to measure the volume of oxygen inspired per minute?
Pulmonary Ventilation
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and a-vO2difference
What is the name of the specialized region of tissue found in the right atrium that initiates the electrical conduction system in the heart? What is the alternative name for structure?
SA Node; Pacemaker
Name two mechanisms that our veins uses to bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
One-way Valves and Skeletal Muscle Pump
What are the names of the two pressures measured when taking blood pressure? What is each pressure measuring?
Systolic Pressure; maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricle contraction.
Diastolic Pressure; minimum pressure in the arteries during ventricle relaxation.
Describe the mechanisms of breathing and the pressure changes that occur during inspiration and expiration.
Inspiration - contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increase space. Decrease of lung pressure.
Expiration - relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles, decrease space. Increase of lung pressure.
What are the three main systems that can limit an athletes VO2max?
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Metabolic System
What is the flow of blood through the heart? Describe the flow using the anatomical terminology and identify when the blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.
What do athletes take to increase their percentage of red blood cells? Why is this advantageous for performance?
Erythropoietin (EPO); Increase in RBC (hemoglobin) increases the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to the skeletal tissues.
When exercising, blood flow distribution changes. During exercise, where does blood flow volume (mL) increase? Where does blood flow volume decrease? What structure remains the same volume (mL)?
Increase = Skeletal Muscles, Heart, Skin
Decrease = Digestive Organs, Renal Organs
No Change = Brain
Describe the diffusion process that occurs during both internal and external respiration.
Diffusion = gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
Oxygen moving from the lungs to the blood. Oxygen moving from the blood to the cells. Carbon dioxide is reversed.
What is the threshold called before the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurs? Why does blood lactate begin to accumulation?
Lactate Threshold; Anaerobic systems begin to be used for energy when the aerobic system does not meet the demands for oxygen.