An Isolated Frontier
Land Ownership and Farming
Daily Living
New Mexico Culture
Vocabulary
100
What kind of population developed in New Mexico in the early 1700's?
A mixed population developed in New Mexico. Some settlers were: Full blooded Spaniards Mestizos (children of Spaniards and Indians) Mulattos (children of black and white parents)
100
What was a land grant? Who could issue a land grant?
The King of Spain or the Governor
100
What kind of homes did new Mexicans live in?
New Mexicans lived in homes built of adobe bricks
100
What celebration honors the reconquest of New Mexico by Vargas? What was the name of the statue Vargas returned to Santa Fe?
The Santa Fe Fiesta Our Lady of the Rosary
100
What were people of mixed blood called?
Castes
200
What was one way that New Mexico's open society affected its people?
People of mixed blood could become office holders They could rise to high rank as soldiers They could become landowners
200
What were the three types of land grants? Explain
Pueblo Grant - set boundaries of pueblo villages Private Grants - given to families or individuals Community Grants - given to groups of people; each family received a plot of land and common land was used for grazing, hunting and firewood.
200
What kind of houses did most New Mexicans live in? How were the interiors of the houses finished?
Small houses with few windows and heavy wooden doors. Floors were soaked with animal blood to harden and spread with hides and woven carpets. Houses were heated by wood burning, corner fireplaces.
200
What is an horno?
A dome shaped, outdoor oven used for baking.
300
Why was New Mexico considered to be a "frontier area?"
New Mexico was considered to be a frontier area because it was the farthest north settlement in the Spanish empire.
300
How did most New Mexican settlers provide for their families in the 1700's? Who did the work on the irrigation systems New Mexico's farmers used?
Subsistence farming - grew what they needed to survive Men dug and cleaned the irrigation systems
300
Who did most of the cooking in colonial New Mexico? What added spice and flavor to New Mexican cooking? What were the main foods?
Women Chile Tortillas, beans, chile, mutton or pork
300
What was a religious image maker called?
A santero
300
What were santos?
Religious images
400
What was the name of the road which connected Santa Fe and Mexico City?
The Camino Real (Kings Highway)
400
What were the farms of small ranchers called? What were the primary crops grown by New Mexican farmers?
Ranchos Corn, wheat, beans, chile, vegetables, fruit and cotton
400
How were early New Mexican homes built?
Adobe bricks were laid for walls and held in place with thick mud. Vigas were laid across for support the roof. Women finished the interior and exterior walls with plaster.
400
What were the two types of santos called? What was each one?
Retablo - religious painting or carving Bulto - carved wooden figure
400
What were early irrigation systems called?
acequias
500
What goods did New Mexicans take with them to trade in Chihuahua? What goods did New Mexicans take with them to trade in Los Angeles? What was the name of the trail that ran from Santa Fe to Los Angeles, CA?
New Mexicans took Indian blankets, sheep, hides, pinon nuts and El Paso wine. New Mexicans took sheep and woolen goods to California. The trail was called the Old Spanish Trail.
500
What were large farms where both crops and livestock were raised? What were the owners called?
Haciendas Hacendados
500
Why did most New Mexicans have few furnishings?
Houses most often had a single room with bench seats or rolled up bedding to sit on. Rooms were used for both living and sleeping.
500
Who were the Penitentes? Why did the Penitentes form? What did the Penitentes do? How did the Penitentes help their communities?
A religious brotherhood comprised of men only Their were too few priests in New Mexico; some areas had no priest at all. The Penitentes carried out the religious duties of the community in place of a priest. They aided the sick and poor, provided comfort, early welfare services, and became politically active.
500
What were the wooden cartw used by early settlers called?
carretas
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