Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
What is Gender Identity
100
In Piaget’s and Smilansky’s terminology, the second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something.
What is Constructive Play
100
Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain, but not injury, to correct or control behavior.
What is Corporal Punishment
100
Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice.
What is Altruism
200
The self one would like to be.
What is Ideal Self
200
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or for females.
What is Gender Roles
200
Playing near another child, but not directly interacting with them.
What is Parallel Constructive Play
200
Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.
What is Inductive Techniques
200
Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being; also called covert, indirect, or psychological aggression.
What is Relational or Social Aggression
300
In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.
What is Representational Mappings
300
Perspective on gender development that emphasizes the influence of socialization and observational learning on forming gender concepts.
What is Socialization-Based Approach
300
In Piaget’s and Smilansky’s terminology, the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements.
What is Functional Play
300
In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values.
What is Authoritative
300
Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.
What is Instrumental Aggression
400
A female disorder in which females have high prenatal levels of androgens resulting in ambiguous genitalia and other masculine characteristics.
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
400
In Piaget’s and Smilansky’s terminology, the fourth cognitive level of play, involving organized games with known procedures and penalties, such as hopscotch and marbles.
What is Formal Games with rules.
400
Disciplinary strategy that may involve ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child
What is Withdrawal of Love
400
Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.
What is Prosocial Behavior
500
Erikson’s third crisis in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.
What is Initiative versus Guilt
500
Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
What is Gender-Schema Theory
500
The tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender.
What is Gender Segregation
500
Rewards for behavior that come from outside the child, such as candy or praise.