Chapter 9
What is Psycholinguistics ?
Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas. Psycholinguists focus not only on the processes that allow us to produce or comprehend language, but also on the key principles that govern the social norms of naturalistic conversation.
What term refers to the processes necessary to reach a goal, typically in situations where the solution is not immediately obvious. The solution may not be obvious for many reasons, although this situation tends to occur when you are missing important information and/or it is not clear how to reach the goal
Problem solving
Why the name means-ends heuristic is appropriate?
The name means-ends heuristic is appropriate because it requires you to identify the “ends” (or final result) that you want and then figure out the “means” or methods that you will use to reach those ends
Is the basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th.
A phoneme
This term refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format. If you choose an appropriate representation, you are more likely to reach an effective solution to the problem.
Problem representation
What is GPS?
General Problem Solver (GPS) is a program whose basic strategy is means-ends analysis. The goal of the GPS is to mimic the processes that normal humans use when they tackle these problems. GPS has several different methods of operating, including the difference- reduction strategy.
What is the basic unit of meaning?
Morphone
According to the ______________________, we often use our own body and our own motor actions, in order to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge. For example, suppose that you are trying to remember a word that is on the tip of your tongue, such as metronome. You are more likely to succeed if you are allowed to use gestures, such as waving your hand back and forth, using the same motion as a metronome
embodied cognition approach
What are Bottom-up processing and top-down processing?
Bottom-up processing emphasizes the information about the stimulus, as registered on our sensory receptors. In contrast, top-down processing emphasizes our concepts, expectations, and memory, which we have acquired from past experience.
________________ is the area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of words and sentences. A related term refers to our organized knowledge about the world.
Semantics
When you use analogy approach?
When you use the analogy approach in problem solving, you employ a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help you solve a new problem
Damage to Broca’s area typically leads to ...
hesitant speech that primarily uses isolated words and short phrases.
The cognitive-functional approach emphasizes that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other ______________.
individuals
The means-ends heuristic has two important components, they are ?
(1) First, you divide the problem into a number of subproblems, or smaller problems, and (2) then you try to reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal state for each of the subproblems
What damage produces serious difficulties understanding language?
Damage to Wernicke’s area