Population Genetics
Mutations
Mutations and Cell Growth
Genetic Engineering
Using Genomics
100

What is the term for all possible alleles within a population of organisms?

Gene Pool

100

Provide an example of a gene level mutation

Point mutation, addition, deletion

100

How is a tumor produced?

When a mutated cell begins to divide uncontrollably

100

What is a genome?

The whole genetic makeup of an organism, the full set of genetic information an organism has

100

How is recombinant DNA made?

Smaller pieces of DNA are "cut out" and then joined together to form a sequence of customized DNA, often in the form of a plasmid

200

What is lateral gene transfer?

The process by which bacterial cells exchange genes through plasmids

200

Which would have a greater impact on organisms:

A mutation in the DNA of a somatic cell

A mutation in the DNA of a germ cell

A mutation in the DNA of a germ cell

This would go on to affect the next generation, and it can affect every cell of an organism

200

What are the two different kinds of tumors that can result from rapidly dividing cells?

Benign and malignant

200

What percentage of the human genome contains information for either making proteins or controlling genes that make proteins?

a. 82%

b. 90%

c. 25%

d. 2%

c. 25%

200

What is the term for an organism that contains genes from another organism?

A transgenic organism, which is a type of GMO

300

What does genetic equilibrium refer to?

The status of most allele frequencies remaining stable within a large population

300

Why are frameshift mutations so detrimental?

They have the potential to change many codons in the gene sequence, greatly changing the end protein

300

What is a carcinogen?

A mutagen or agent that causes mutations in DNA that result in cancer

300

In order to read or sequence DNA, first the DNA must be cut into smaller pieces using _______________.

Restriction enzyme

300

How is gene therapy delivered to an organism?

The recombinant DNA is placed in a vector (usually bacteria or a virus), and then given to the patient. The vector will then deliver the recombinant DNA to the cells when it "infects" that cell

400

What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?

Gene flow - natural ebb and flow of allele frequencies and genetic material within a population

Genetic drift - a change in allele frequencies due to random events

400

Which error results in an organism with missing or extra chromosomes?

Nondisjunction during Meiosis

400
What are some treatment options for individuals with cancer?

Surgery to remove the tumor, radiation, chemotherapy, and/or targeted gene therapy

400

What is the purpose of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in genomics?

PCR is the process of making multiple copies of the genetic material being studied. This allows for enough material to study/sequence/manipulate

400

In gel electrophoresis, shorter fragments of DNA travel _______ than longer fragments.

a. further

b. less

Further than. The longer fragments are larger molecules that cannot get through the structure of the gel as easily as the small fragments

500

What is the difference between the founder effect and the bottleneck effect?

Founder - small population migrates to a new place and starts a new population with changed allele frequencies

Bottleneck - when a significant portion of the population is removed from the gene pool by death or other chance event

500

Why might polyploidy be beneficial to humans?

Polyploidy in plants allows for production of high yielding crops

500

What does it mean for a tumor to have "metastasized"?

When the cells of a malignant tumor begin to spread to other parts of the body

500
How is DNA sequenced?

DNA is cut into fragments, then an automated instrument will determine the sequence of those fragments. Computer programs are used to "align" those fragments to determine the overall sequence of the DNA strand.

500

How does a DNA fingerprint work?

DNA fragments are used to identify individuals, typically using gel electrophoresis. In modern days, gene sequencing may also be used.

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