Chapter: 9.1-9.4

9.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

100

Protein synthesis – the process of using instructions carried on a ___ to create proteins. Several steps are involved and require both DNA and ___. Gene – a sequence of DNA that encodes a ___. Protein – a large molecule composed of ___ ___.

Protein synthesis – the process of using instructions carried on a (gene) to create proteins. Several steps are involved and require both DNA and (RNA.) Gene – a sequence of DNA that encodes a (protein.) Protein – a large molecule composed of (amino acids.)

200

DNA is double-stranded. Each nucleotide composed of d___, p___, n___ base. 4 bases: A T G C

DNA is (double)-stranded. Each nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. 4 bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.

300

RNA is ___-stranded. Nucleotides comprised of r___, p___, and n___ base. 4 bases: A___, T___, G___ and U___.

RNA is (Single)-stranded. Nucleotides comprised of (ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.) 4 bases: (adenine, thymine, guanine, and Uracil.)

400

(T or F) The flow of genetic info in a cell is ?DNA --> RNA --> Protein and occurs in 2 steps: Tran___ (DNA --> RNA) Tran___ (RNA --> Protein)

TRUE- The flow of genetic info in a cell is ?DNA --> RNA --> Protein and occurs in 2 steps: Tran(scription) (DNA --> RNA) Tran(slation) (RNA --> Protein)

500

Transcription occurs in the ___. RNA polymerase binds to the ___ region of the gene. RNA polymerase zips down the length of gene, matching RNA nucleotides with complementary ___ nucleotides. This forms messenger ___ (mRNA)

Transcription occurs in the (nucleus.) RNA polymerase binds to the (promoter) region of the gene. RNA polymerase zips down the length of gene, matching RNA nucleotides with complementary (DNA) nucleotides. This forms messenger (RNA) (mRNA)

9.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression: Translation

100

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm (outside the nucleus). Translation requires: (5) mRNA (made during ___), ___ ___, ___ or (ATP), and ?some helper molecules like ___ and transfer ___ (tRNA).

Translation occurs in the (cytoplasm) (outside the nucleus). Translation requires: mRNA (made during transcription), amino acids, energy (ATP), and ?some helper molecules like (ribosomes and transfer RNA) (tRNA).

200

The ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and comprises a small and ?a large subunit. Transfer RNA: tRNA carries ___ ___ and matches its ___ with codons on ___. Codons are # nucleotides long.

The ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and comprises a (small) and ?a (large) subunit. Transfer RNA: tRNA carries (amino acids) and matches its (anticodon) with codons on (mRNA.) Codons are (3) nucleotides long.

300

A protein is put together one ___ ___ at a time. The ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the ___ region. ___ facilitates the docking of tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons. When two ___ are adjacent, a bond is formed between their amino acids. Forms a ___ chain of amino acid.

A protein is put together one (amino acid) at a time. The ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the (promoter) region. (Ribosome) facilitates the docking of tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons. When two (tRNAs) are adjacent, a bond is formed between their amino acids. Forms a (peptide) chain of amino acid.

400

The genetic code allows a specific ___ to code ?for a specific amino acid. A codon is comprised of # nucleotides = 64 possible combinations. # codons code for amino acids. 3 others are ___ codons, which end protein synthesis. Genetic code expresses ___.

The genetic code allows a specific (codon) to code ?for a specific amino acid. A codon is comprised of (three) nucleotides = 64 possible combinations. (61) codons code for amino acids. 3 others are (stop) codons, which end protein synthesis. Genetic code expresses (redundancy.)

500

Changes in genetic sequence = (mutations.) Changes in genetic sequence MIGHT affect the (order) of amino acids in a protein. Protein function is dependent on the precise order of (amino acids.) Possible outcomes of mutation: (3)

Changes in genetic sequence = (mutations.) Changes in genetic sequence MIGHT affect the (order) of amino acids in a protein. Protein function is dependent on the precise order of (amino acids.) Possible outcomes of mutation: 1 - no change in protein 2 - non-functional protein 3 - different protein

9.2 Producing Recombinant Proteins: Cloning a Gene Using Bacter

100

Each cell in your body (except sperm and ?egg cells) has the ___ DNA. But each cell only expresses a ___ ?percentage of genes. Example: Nerve and muscle cells perform very different functions, thus they use different genes. Turning a gene or a set of genes on or ?off = ___ gene expression.

Each cell in your body (except sperm and ?egg cells) has the (same) DNA. But each cell only expresses a (small) ?percentage of genes. Example: Nerve and muscle cells perform very different functions, thus they use different genes. Turning a gene or a set of genes on or ?off = (regulating) gene expression.

200

Nerves and cells have the same suite of genes, but they express ___ genes. rBGH is a ___, and is coded by a specific gene. Transfer of rBGH gene to bacteria allows for ___ under ideal conditions. Bacteria can serve as “factories” for production of ___. ___ of the gene is making many copies of that gene.

Nerves and cells have the same suite of genes, but they express (different) genes. rBGH is a (protein), and is coded by a specific gene. Transfer of rBGH gene to bacteria allows for (growth) under ideal conditions. Bacteria can serve as “factories” for production of (rBGH.) (Cloning) of the gene is making many copies of that gene.

300

Restriction enzymes – Used by ___ as a form of defense. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. They are important in biotechnology because they allow scientists to make precise ___ in DNA. Plasmid – Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA that exists ___ from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are important because they can act as a ferry to carry a ___ into a cell.

Restriction enzymes – Used by (bacteria) as a form of defense. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. They are important in biotechnology because they allow scientists to make precise (cuts) in DNA. Plasmid – Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA that exists (separate) from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are important because they can act as a ferry to carry a (gene) into a cell.

400

In the early 1980s, genetic engineers began producing recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) by genetically engineering ___. The bacteria were given ___ that carries instructions for making BGH. In cows, ___ hormones increase body size and milk production.

In the early 1980s, genetic engineers began producing recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) by genetically engineering (bacteria.) The bacteria were given (DNA) that carries instructions for making BGH. In cows, (growth) hormones increase body size and milk production.

500

Step 1. Remove the ___ from the cow chromosome. Step 2. Insert the (___ growth hormone) or BGH gene into the bacterial plasmid. ___ – Indicates material that has been genetically engineered: a gene that has been removed from its original genome and combined with another. After step 2, the GBH is now referred to as recombinant GBH or ___. Step 3. Insert the recombinant plasmid into a ___ cell.

Step 1. Remove the (gene) from the cow chromosome. Step 2. Insert the ( bovine growth hormone) or BGH gene into the bacterial plasmid. (Recombinant) – Indicates material that has been genetically engineered: a gene that has been removed from its original genome and combined with another. After step 2, the GBH is now referred to as recombinant GBH or (rGBH.) Step 3. Insert the recombinant plasmid into a (bacterial) cell.

Possible Benefits of GM Foods

100

About #/# of cows in the US are injected with rBGH. rBGH increases milk volume from cows by about #%. The same principles apply to other proteins like ___ proteins for hemophiliac and insulin for ___. FDA approval is needed for any new food that is not ___ ___ ___ ___ (GRAS).

About (1/3) of cows in the US are injected with rBGH. rBGH increases milk volume from cows by about (20%.) The same principles apply to other proteins like (clotting) proteins for hemophiliac and insulin for (diabetics.) FDA approval is needed for any new food that is not (generally recognized as safe) (GRAS).

200

All agricultural products are the result of genetic modification through ___ breeding. Genetically modifying foods are used for (3) Golden rice has been genetically engineered to produce __-___, which increases the rice’s nutritional yield.

All agricultural products are the result of genetic modification through (selective) breeding. Genetically modifying foods are used for (increasing shelf life, yield, or nutritional value.) Golden rice has been genetically engineered to produce (beta-carotene), which increases the rice’s nutritional yield.

300

Name 6 common GM foods! 6 possible benefits of GM food- Easing of world ___. Development of crops that can be grown in ___ soil. Reduced strain on ___ resources. Development of ___ resistant crops. Development of salt-___ crops. Development of crops that make more efficient use of ___ and other nutrients.

Vegetables, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Rice, Cheese, Meat. Name 6 common GM foods! 6 possible benefits of GM food- Easing of world (hunger). Development of crops that can be grown in (marginal) soil. Reduced strain on (nonrenewable) resources. Development of (drought) resistant crops. Development of salt-(tolerant) crops. Development of crops that make more efficient use of (nitrogen) and other nutrients.

400

Reduced use of ___ and herbicides. Development of pest ___ crops. Reduced ___ use is better for the environment and reduces costs for farmers. Improved crop quality- Development of 3 important resistant crops. Improved nutritional quality. Example?

Reduced use of (pesticides) and herbicides. Development of pest (resistant) crops . Reduced (herbicide) use is better for the environment and reduces costs for farmers . Improved crop quality Development of frost resistant crops Development of disease resistant crops Development of flood resistant crops Improved nutritional quality like the beta-carotene enriched rice.

500

Government agencies regulate ___ foods. GM foods in the United States are required to be labeled only if the ___ value is changed or a new ___ is introduced.

Government agencies regulate (GM) foods GM foods in the United States are required to be labeled only if the (nutritional) value is changed or a new (allergen) is introduced.

9.3 Genetically Modified Foods: Modifying Plants with the Ti Plasmid and Gene Gun & 9.4 Genetically Modified Humans

100

*Possible Risks of GM Foods* Insects might develop ___ to pesticide-producing GM crops. Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate weeds, resulting in "___." Certain gene products may be allergens, thus causing ___ to human health. There may be ___ harm to wildlife and beneficial insects.

*Possible Risks of GM Foods* Insects might develop (resistance) to pesticide-producing GM crops. Herbicide-tolerant crops may cross-pollinate weeds, resulting in ("superweeds.") Certain gene products may be allergens, thus causing (harm) to human health. There may be (unintended) harm to wildlife and beneficial insects.

200

Unlike rBGH, crop plants are directly modified. In order to do this, the target gene must be inserted into the plant cell. Two methods to do this: (2). ___ organism – the result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism ?to the genome of another. Also referred to ?as a genetically modified organism (GMO).

Unlike rBGH, crop plants are directly modified. In order to do this, the target gene must be inserted into the plant cell. Two methods to do this: (Ti plasmid, Gene gun.) (Transgenic) organism – the result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism ?to the genome of another. Also referred to ?as a genetically modified organism (GMO).

300

Stem cells – ___ cells, capable of growing in to many different kinds of cells and tissues. Stems cells might be used to treat ___ diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Using stem cells to produce healthy tissue is called ___ cloning. Stem cells could also be used to grow specific tissues to treat ___, ___ ___ damage, or replacement ___ in joints. Stems cells are t___, meaning they can become any other cell in the body.

Stem cells – (undifferentiated) cells, capable of growing in to many different kinds of cells and tissues. Stems cells might be used to treat (degenerative) diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Using stem cells to produce healthy tissue is called (therapeutic) cloning. Stem cells could also be used to grow specific tissues to treat (burns, heart attack damage, or replacement cartilage in joints.) Stems cells are (totipotent), meaning they can become any other cell in the body.

400

Human Genome Project – international effort to ?map the sequence of the entire human genome (~20,000 – 25,000 genes).It was sequenced using the technique of chromosome ___. Gene therapy – replacement of ___ genes with functional genes. *Germ line gene therapy* is a embryonic treatment where the embryo is supplied with a functional version of the defective gene and Embryo (+ or -) cells produced by cell division have a functional version of gene. *Somatic cell gene therapy* – fix or replace the defective protein only in ___ cells.

Human Genome Project – international effort to ?map the sequence of the entire human genome (~20,000 – 25,000 genes).It was sequenced using the technique of chromosome (walking.) Gene therapy – replacement of (defective) genes with functional genes. *Germ line gene therapy* is a embryonic treatment where the embryo is supplied with a functional version of the defective gene and Embryo (+) cells produced by cell division have a functional version of gene. *Somatic cell gene therapy* – fix or replace the defective protein only in (specific) cells

500

Somatic cell therapy used as a treatment of ___ (severe combined immunodeficiency.) All somatic cells have ___ lifetimes. Therapy is not permanent and requires several treatments per ___. Human cloning occurs naturally whenever ?___ twins are produced. (T or F) Cloning of offspring from adults has already ?been done with cattle, goats, mice, cats, pigs, ?and sheep. Cloning is achieved through the process of ___ transfer.

Somatic cell therapy used as a treatment of SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) All somatic cells have (limited) lifetimes. Therapy is not permanent and requires several treatments per (year.) Human cloning occurs naturally whenever (?identical) twins are produced. (True) Cloning of offspring from adults has already ?been done with cattle, goats, mice, cats, pigs, ?and sheep. Cloning is achieved through the process of ?(nuclear) transfer.