People
Who is the psychologist known for Behaviorism?
John Watson
"the study of the mind" where different brain areas account for personality traits and are "read" from bumps on the skull
Phrenology
stems from Watson's behaviorism; focuses on the scientific study of observable behaviors; elaborated upon by B.F. Skinner
Behavioral Perspective
How is descriptive research used?
to describe behavior
What is the independent variable?
Variable manipulated by the experimenter to cause a change in the dependent variable
Who was William James?
American Psychologist known for using Functionalism to better understand the mind
an early school of psychology that used objective introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
Structuralism
What is the Humanistic Perspective?
the theory that believes that people have free will, the freedom to chose their own destiny and strive for self-actualization
In correlational research, what does r show?
Strength and direction of the relationship
What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?
The experimental group received the treatment while the control group does not.
"Father of psychology" who founded the first psychology lab and used objective introspection; known for Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
a school of thought by Sigmund Freud that believed the unconscious mind played a role in the way an individual is
Psychoanalytic Theory
theory that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning
Cognitive Perspective
How is Experimental Research able to determine a cause and effect relationship?
Through the manipulation of the independent variable
What is the difference between naturalistic observation and laboratory observation?
Naturalistic: no intervention by the researchers, observing people in their natural state
Laboratory: steps taken to control for extraneous variables
Brought Structuralism to the US from Germany
Edward Titchener
What is Behaviorism?
the use of observable behavior to study the mind
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share; mind is a set of information-processing machines that have adapted overtime
Evolutionary Perspective
What is the downfall of case studies?
the results cannot be generalized to a population
Name the 5 ethical guidelines from the APA that we discussed.
Confidentiality, prevention of both psychological and physical harm, informed consent, right to withdraw, and deception is justified (includes debriefing)
Known for Humanism and self-actualization; hierarchy of needs
Maslow
What do Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt theory, and Psychoanalytic theory have in common?
They all focus on internal forces of the mind.
human and animal's behavior is a direct result of events in the body (hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, etc.)
Biopsychological Perspective
What are the three things that determine if a study is experimental research?
the independent variable is manipulated, the participants are randomly assigned, and extraneous variables are controlled for
What are the five steps to completing a research project?
1. Perceive a research question
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test a hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report results