Properties of Water
What is a polar covalent bond?
Differences between the placement of molecules on either side of the double bond (either same-side or opposite-side)
What is cis-trans?
The building blocks of proteins
BONUS: Draw the general structure of this.
What is an amino acid?
1. Glucose ring structure when --OH is facing UP
2. Glucose ring structure when --OH is facing DOWN
1. Beta glucose
2. Alpha glucose
An atomic form of an element containing different numbers of neutrons.
What is an isotope?
The ability of water to form a "skin" on its surface to hold up things as heavy as insects.
What is surface tension?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
What is an isomer?
The sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide -- can alter the primary & tertiary structure and affect its biological activity if changed.
What is primary structure?
1. simple sugar monomers
2. covalent glycosidic linkages of two monomers
3. very short polysaccharides
4. large macromolecules
What is a monosaccharide?
What is a disaccharide?
What is an oligosaccharide?
What is a polysaccharide?
Gases: Methane, ammonia, & hydrogen gas
What did early Earth's atmosphere contain?/What were the assumed reactants in Stanley Millers' experiment?
What are acids and bases?
What is an enantiomer?
Localized folding of the polypeptide
- contains alpha helixes & beta sheets
What is secondary structure?
1. Glucose & fructose
2. Glucose & galactose
3. A linkage of glucose - glucose
4. B linkage of glucose - glucose
1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
4. Cellubiose
What causes cystic fibrosis? Explain effects on cells & tissues inflicted.
What causes sickle cell anemia?
1. Cl- can't be transported out of the cell due to the faulty CFTR channel. Water enters the cell to balance the Cl- concentration. This dries out the mucus, building up and causing limited breathing & bacterial infections.
2. Caused by a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin (6th position Glu --> Val). Protein curves inward since valine is nonpolar. Hemoglobin molecules attach to cause and form a fiber. Sickle shape makes it difficult for blood cells to travel --> clots.
What is a buffer?
Formula: --SH
Stabilizes protein structures and forms covalent bonds between sulfhydryl grops.
A protein made up of 2+ polypeptides
BONUS: What is a type of protein with only 1 polypeptide?
What is quaternary structure?
Lysozyme
Glucose linked by a-linkage: Product of plant metabolism, stored in leaves, roots, and seeds of plants to be used when it can’t photosynthesize
1. long helical chains of alpha glucose
2. has several branch points (can be broken down easier)
What is starch?
1. Amylose
2. Amylopectin
The process of adding a H2O molecule to break a polymer into its monomers.
The process of removing an H2O molecule to connect monomers into a polymer.
What is hydrolysis?
What is dehydration synthesis?
1. Cohesive/adhesive properties, surface tension
2. Moderation of temperature
3. Low density in its frozen state
4. Acts as a solvent
What are the emergent properties of water?
# of unpaired electrons in the valence energy shell/level
What is valency?
A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.
What is a chaperonin?
In plants, can't be broken down by humans: cross linked chains of beta glucose (very tough fibers). B glucoses linked by B linkages-- helps maintain cell wall structure
What is cellulose?
When a protein loses its 2, 3, & 4 structure
BONUS: What are the 3 factors affecting protein structure?
What is protein denaturation?
BONUS: Temperature, pH, salinity (salt concentration)