Phylogenetics
Groups that share an immediate common ancestor & hence are each other’s closest relatives.
What are sister taxa?
The simplest explanation on relatedness.
What is maximum parsimony?
Mutation, altering gene number or position, rapid reproduction, &/or sexual reproduction.
What are sources of genetic variation?
Godfrey Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg.
Who was the Hardy-Weinberg Equation named for? or Who were the two individuals/men that derived the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population.
What is the gene pool?
That a branch point within the tree (often farthest to the left) represents the most recent common ancestor to all taxa in the tree.
What are rooted trees?
A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
What is a shared ancestral character?
What are the major mechanisms for genetic variation?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called “clades” based primarily on common descent.
What is cladistics?
A lineage that has diverged early in the history of the group.
What are basal taxa?
An evolutionary novelty unique to a clade.
What is a shared derived character?
Bottleneck effect & founder effect.
What are two types of genetic drift?
1) No mutations
2) Extremely large populations
3) Random mating
4) No natural selection
5) No gene flow
What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Changes over time in allele frequencies in a population (mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, & gene flow).
What is microevolution?
Similarities due to convergent evolution rather than common descent (homoplasies).
What are analogies?
A taxon that is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor.
What is a polyphyletic clade?
Intrasexual selection & intersexual selection.
What are two types of sexual selection?
Total of 500 Blue-Footed Boobies
Webbing: No Webbing:
320 -- WW 20 -- ww
160 -- Ww
WW = 64%, Ww = 32%, ww = 4%
What are the genotypic frequencies?
The fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population.
What is frequency-dependent selection?
An approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes evolved at a constant rate.
What is a molecular clock?
A taxon derived from a single ancestor species that gave rise to no species in any other taxa.
What is a monophyletic clade?
Directional selection, disruptive selection, & stabilizing selection.
What are three ways natural selection can occur?
Total of 500 Blue-Footed Boobies
Webbing: No Webbing:
320 -- WW 20 -- ww
160 -- Ww
W = 80%, w = 20%
What are the allelic frequencies?
An individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to other individuals’ contributions in the population.
What is relative fitness?