Chapter 5: Memory
What are the three stages of memory?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Learning that happens through association is called what?
Classical conditioning
Which sense has the fastest pathway to the brain?
Smell (olfaction)
What brain waves occur during deep sleep (Stages 3 & 4)?
Delta waves
What type of memory lasts only a few seconds and holds raw sensory information?
Sensory memory
What is the process of turning sensory input into usable memory?
Encoding
Who is known for operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time?
Absolute threshold
What is the 24-hour biological cycle called?
Circadian rhythm
Reinforcing behavior after an unpredictable number of responses is what schedule?
Variable-ratio schedule
Recalling information without cues (like an essay question) is called what?
Recall
Adding something to increase a behavior is called what?
Positive reinforcement
The difference between sensation and perception is…?
Sensation = detecting stimuli; perception = interpreting them
A sleep disorder where people stop breathing temporarily during sleep is…?
Sleep apnea
The brain’s ability to convert waves of light into meaningful images is an example of what process?
Perception
What type of memory is responsible for remembering skills like riding a bike?
Procedural memory
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others
What theory says that color is perceived based on three types of cones?
Trichromatic theory
What is the dream theory that says dreams help the brain sort through the day’s information?
Information-processing theory
What stage of sleep involves vivid dreaming?
REM sleep
What is the term for losing old information because new information pushes it out?
Retroactive interference
When a conditioned response gradually disappears, what is this called?
Extinction
The tendency to fill in gaps to create a whole image refers to which Gestalt principle?
Closure
Altered states such as hypnosis or meditation involve changes in… what?
Conscious awareness
Memories you can consciously recall (facts and events) are called what?
Explicit/declarative memory