Chapter 5
What term describes how parents and caregivers pass down beliefs, customs, and values to children?
What is socialization
This process in the brain, involving the coating of nerve fibers to speed communication, supports better coordination and faster thinking in early childhood.
What is myelination.
Loving families and a supportive system help children build this key trait.
What is self-esteem.
This Piagetian stage, which is dominant in middle childhood, allows for logical reasoning about tangible objects but not yet abstract ideas.
What is the concrete operational stage?
What kind of play involves infants watching or imitating others without directly interacting?
What is parallel play.
According to Piaget, children in the preoperational stage often fail conservation tasks because they cannot mentally reverse actions. This limitation is known as what?
What is irreversibility.
This type of behavior, including physical or verbal acts that harm or intimidate others, tends to decrease when children have good emotional regulation and social skills.
What is aggression.
The most common chronic illness of middle childhood, often triggered by environmental and genetic factors, is characterized by difficulty breathing.
What is asthma.
The typical way a person reacts to the world is categorized as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up, and characterized by a person’s effortful control, negative affectivity, and extroversion.
What is temperament?
Vygotsky’s concept describing how adults guide children’s learning by providing support that is gradually removed as competence increases is called what?
What is scaffolding.
In early childhood, children may create invisible companions or imaginary friends; this phenomenon supports social and emotional development by providing practice with self-control, role-taking, and managing feelings. What is this type of companion?
What are imaginary companions
This neurodevelopmental disorder involves impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors across multiple contexts.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).