Brain Busters
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
Cognitive Map
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permenance
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive
List, in order, the three stages of prenatal development.
The three stages of prenatal development are the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Continuous
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Sensory Memory
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?
Formal Operational
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
Gross
What were the five stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.
Implicit Memory
Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one’s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?
Vygotsky
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.
Recognition
What is a cognitive map?
A cognitive map is a mental representation of a physical or geographical space. It is often used in a demonstration of latent learning.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
Associative
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
Hippocampus
Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.
Identity vs. Confusion
Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?
4 plus or minus 1
List the three parts of the brain involved in memory processing and explain what role they play.
The three parts of the brain involved in memory processing are cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala. The cerebellum’s job is to process procedural memories; the hippocampus is where new memories are encoded; the amygdala helps determine what memories to store and determines the strength of our emotional response to an event.
1. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
Retrograde Amnesia
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother’s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
Egocentrism
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
acquisition and extinction
Name the four means of modifying behavior discussed in operant conditioning.
The four means of modifying behavior are negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment.