Chapter 4: Latin America
The mountain range running along the western side of Latin America.
Bonus question.
What 3 letters of climatic classifications are associated with the mountain ranges?
The Andes
B, C, and H
The mixing of African, European and other cultures. Often seen in languages, blended religious practices, and music.
Creolization
A zone of ecological transition between the Sahara (north) and wetter savannas and forests (south). It is characterized by desertification and transhumance.
The Sahel
A region in North Africa that includes western Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; it means “west” in Arabic.
Bonus Question
Name any three main languages spoken in the region.
Maghreb
Arabic
Berber
French
Spanish
Italian
An ____________ consists of multiple member nations states that adopt a common currency and agreed-upon practices of trade that provide for greater economic efficiency. An example is the European Union.
Economic Union/ Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
___________ is the conversion of tropical forest into pasture commonly associated with the Amazon rainforest.
Bonus Question
The Amazon forest is characterized by letter ________________ of the Koppen Geiger climate classification.
Grassification
A
A blend of different belief systems included in Christian Worship.
Syncretic Religion
The region of Africa was the last to be colonized due to its dense forests, disease, and lack of navigable waterways.
Bonus question
This region is characterized by ___________ climate represented by letter _________ of Koppen Geigger climate classification.
Central Africa
Wet Climates, A
______________ is a form of activity where livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze. Strictly speaking, those who practice this activity follow an irregular pattern of movement, in contrast with transhumance where seasonal pastures are fixed.
Pastoral nomadism/Nomadic pastoralism
What city is the “capital” of the European Union?
Brussels, Belgium
____________ settlements are groupings of unplanned housing built on the periphery of urban areas in Latin America. They often lead to development of _________________
Squatter, Slums
The large-scale loss of the educated and professionals through emigration to more developed countries. This is a common characteristic in the Caribbean and other developing countries.
Brain Drain
What are the two main religions in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Indigenous and Christianity. Islam is also practiced but not very popular
What is OPEC in full and name one of its main objectives?
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Coordinate and unify petroleum policies and safeguarding their individual and collective interests.
Price stabilization
Efficiency in production and supply of petroleum products
______________ is the concept whereby state policies are directed towards reclaiming territories and peoples.
Bonus question
What conflicts has this practice caused or exacerbated in the recent history of Europe?
Irredentism
WWI, WWII
Via the ______________ _____________, the US claimed that Western hemisphere was its sphere of influence and would not tolerate European military and political involvement in this area. The US asserted political and economic control in the region - sometimes directly.
Monroe Doctrine
Three ways Climate Change threatens the Caribbean.
-stronger and more frequent hurricanes
-Loss of land due to sea-level rise
-Destruction of coral reefs
-Loss of economic opportunity (beach degradation, reduced fish stocks, etc.)
-Changing rainfall patterns
-Saltwater intrusion
The ______ _______ of ____ lead to the scramble and partition of Africa. It changed Africa socially, culturally and economically.
The Berlin Conference of 1884-85
It is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad. Thousands of _________ make pilgrimages (hajj) to the city in Saudi Arabia annually. They face the direction of _________ when they make their daily prayers. A sacred shrine called the Kaaba, which is a large black cube, is at the center of a popular mosque.
Muslims, Mecca
A __________ monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Royalty serves as a symbol, while democratically elected officials do the governing.
Bonus Question
Name a country with this system of governance.
Constitutional
United Kingdom
The term which describes changes in vegetation with elevation commonly found in Latin America.
Altitudinal Zonation
What cultural legacies of colonialism have endured in the region of the Caribbean (list 3 examples)?
Language, government, architecture, religion, education
Name any 5 European Countries that colonized the region of Sub Saharan Africa.
Great Britain
Belgium
Germany
Spain
France
Portugal
Name the two most popular branches of the Islamic religion practiced in the region.
Sunni & Shiites. Shiites believe that the leader of an Islamic caliphate should be descendent of the Prophet Muhammad while for the Sunni the clergy should take the responsibility.
A geopolitical term for the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states (often based on ethnic differences) that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another often associated with former Yugoslavia.
Balkanization
Define A Primate City and give two examples of primate cities in Latin America.
One city, often the capital, dominates the political, cultural, and economic sectors of a country and often has a significantly larger population than other cities. Mexico City, Bogota, Buenos Aires
The following policies are ____________________ expansion in the Caribbean:
Good neighbor Policy,
Alliance for Progress,
Caribbean basin Initiative
Hint: The use of economic, political, and cultural, or other pressures to control and influence other countries especially former colonies.
Neocolonialism
What is tribalism? What complications have arisen due to tribal sentiments in Sub Saharan Africa following decolonization?
There are thousands of tribal identities in Africa. National boundaries were drawn inappropriately, and people may identify more closely with their local tribe than with the nation they were drawn into being former colonialists. This has led to regional conflicts and desires to designate small tribal areas as nation-states.
Which 3 North African countries experienced major changes in government leadership during the Arab Spring movement?
Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia
What was the Warsaw Pact?
Warsaw Pact, (1955–1991) treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania