Learning Basics (Chapter 6)
What is experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge called?
Learning (Sec 6.1)
What reinforcement schedule rewards a behavior every time it occurs?
Continuous reinforcement (Sec. 6.3)
Cognition is actually what?
Thinking (Sec. 7.1)
What is the first process in forming a memory?
Encoding (Sec. 8.2)
What strategy improves memory by repeating information over and over?
Rehearsal (Sec. 8.2)
What type of conditioning was demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs?
Classical conditioning (Sec. 6.2)
What reinforcement schedule provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
Variable ratio schedule (Sec. 6.3)
What mental shortcut helps people make decisions quickly?
Heuristic (Sec. 7.2)
What type of memory briefly stores sensory information before it is processed?
Sensory memory (Sec. 8.2)
What type of memory is a vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event?
Flashbulb memory (Sec. 8.3)
What type of conditioning uses rewards and punishments to influence behavior?
Operant conditioning (Sec. 6.3)
What is it called when a conditioned response gradually weakens because reinforcement or pairing stops?
Extinction (Sec. 6.2)
What term describes the tendency to approach a problem using a strategy that worked in the past?
Mental set (Sec. 7.2)
What memory system temporarily holds and processes information needed for current tasks?
Working memory (Sec. 8.2)
What type of memory stores facts and general knowledge, such as knowing that Sacramento is the capital of California?
Semantic memory (Sec. 8.3)
What type of learning occurs by observing and imitating others?
Observational learning (Sec. 6.4)
What is it called when an extinguished response suddenly returns after a period of time?
Spontaneous recovery (Sec. 6.2)
According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence involves generating new ideas and solving novel problems?
Creative intelligence (Sec. 7.4)
What type of long-term memory stores facts and personal experiences?
Explicit memory (Sec. 8.3)
What type of memory allows you to remember how to ride a bicycle or tie your shoes?
Procedural memory (Sec. 8.3)
What term describes any consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will occur again?
Reinforcement (Sec. 6.3)
What learning technique reinforces small steps toward a desired behavior?
Shaping (Sec. 6.3)
Which psychologist proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
Howard Gardner (Sec. 7.4) (Sec. 7.4)
What type of long-term memory stores skills and habits?
Implicit memory (Sec. 8.3)
What memory error occurs when misleading information causes someone to remember an event differently than it actually happened?
Misinformation effect (Sec. 8.5)