Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling cont.
Cell to Cell Communication
Cell Receptors
Cell Receptors cont.
100

What are two ways that cells get signals?

  • Physical (ex: how much water there is)
  • Chemical
100

What are the four types cell communication?

  • Autocrine
  • Juxtacrine
  • Paracrine
  • Hormones/Endocrine system
100

Where are signal receptors?

  • May be inside the cell (intercellular receptors)
  • May be on the membrane (membrane receptors)
200

Where might the chemical signals be from?

  • Other cells
  • The outside environment (ex: pH)
200

What is autocrine cell communication?

  • Communication with the same cell
200

What are the types of receptor proteins on membranes?

  • Ligand-gated ion channels
  • Protein kinase receptors
  • G-protein-linked receptors
200

What interacts with intercellular receptors?

  • Small or non-polar ligands
300

What is a ligand?

  • A molecule that binds to a receptor
300

What is juxtacrine cell communication?

  • Communication between two cells by direct contact
300

What is a receptor antagonist?

  • A molecule that’s not the ligand binds to the receptor (because it is similar in structure) causing the ligand to not be able to bind
  • Prevent signal from being turned on
300

What interacts with membrane receptors?

  • Large or polar ligands
400

What is a signal transduction pathway?

  • The events that occur once a ligand binds to its receptor
  • How the cell turns a signal into a response
400

Why does the signal transduction need to be so complicated, not just achieved in one step?

  • So that the signal can get to the proper location through the second messengers
  • So that the signal can be amplified
  • So that signals can split, allowing for multiple effects to occur
400

What is paracrine cell communication?

  • Communication between two nearby cells
400

How do ligand-gated ion channels work?

  • A ligand binds to a receptor (a transmembrane protein)
  • This binding causes the protein to open and allow ions to pass through
400

Why would Large or polar ligands not interact with intercellular receptors?

  • Because large or polar molecules cannot pass through the cell membrane
500

How is cell signaling different than environmental response?

  • Produced by a signaling cell; under the control of the cell
  • Conveys specific information
  • Has an intended target (the recipient cell)
500

Explain the process of allosteric regulation

  • A signal molecule finds a receptor protein
  • It binds to the receptor protein
  • This binding causes the protein to change its shape
  • May alter the function of the protein
  • May activate or inactivate protein
500

What is hormone/endocrine system cell communication?

  • Communication through the circulatory system to many cells
500
  • How do G-protein-linked receptors work?
  • The active site of a receptor (a transmembrane protein) is activated
  • This activation activated another protein that is bound to the receptor on the inside of the cell (the G-protein)
  • The G-protein passes the signal inside the cell
500

How do protein kinase receptors work?

  • A kinase protein phosphorylates (adds a phosphate to) the receptor (a transmembrane protein)
  • This phosphate activated the protein so it can pass the signal inside the cell
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