What is Dyslexia?
Weakness in one or more of the following:
-Phonemic awareness/analysis
-Phonemic blending/synthesis
-Rapid automatized naming
-Phonological working memory
-Nonsense word reading, letter-sound knowledge acquisition
What is the Phonological-core deficit of dyslexia?
Dysgraphia:
Difficulty forming the __________ of the letters (dysgraphia)
Difficulty writing the alphabet sequence correctly
Difficulty with handwriting / cramped or __________
Slow rate of writing
Chooses oral over written performance
What are shapes and illegible?
Researchers at Yale, led by Sally and Bennett Shaywitz, first observed an unexpected circuit at work in children with dyslexia on a continuum of reading-related tasks from simple visual to more complex rhyming tasks. These children used more f______ regions and opposed to the developmentally important l______-hemisphere angular gyrus. Most importantly, this group found potentially compensatory “auxiliary” right-hemisphere regions performing functions usually handled by the more efficient left-hemisphere areas.
What are frontal and left?
The majority of poor readers have relative difficulty with phoneme awareness and phonological skills…In addition, at least ___ percent of all poor readers are estimated to demonstrate a weakness in phonological awareness and/or phonological memory. Readers with phonological processing weaknesses also tend to be the poorest spellers.
What is 80?
Why Identification Matters:
The disorder has been estimated to occur in ___% to 15% of the population of school children (Lyon, Fletcher & Barnes, 2002; Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Makuch, 1992).
States and schools are legally required to recognize and provide appropriate education for dyslexia under special education law.
Vellutino, F.R. & Fletcher, J.M. (2009). Developmental Dyslexia. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds). The Science of Reading: A Handbook. Blackwell Publishing.
What is 10%?
Dyslexia is not:
A _____________; it has no cure.
What is a disease?
It is characterized by difficulties with rapid and/or fluent ________ ____________ and by poor ____________ and decoding abilities.
What are word recognition and spelling
M_________
A__________/Concentration/Organization (50%)
Behavior
Confusion about time, space, and directions
P_________ Speed
What are memory, attention and processing speed?
A research group at Georgetown University found that over time there is “progressive disengagement” of the r______ hemisphere’s larger visual recognition system in reading words, and an increasing engagement of the left hemisphere frontal, temporal, and occipital-temporal regions. This supports Orton’s belief that during development the l______ hemisphere takes over the processing of words.
What are right and left?
and word consciousness…Phonological awareness and memory are involved in these activities of word learning:
Attending to unfamiliar words and comparing them with known words.
Repeating and pronouncing words correctly.
Remembering (encoding) words accurately so that they can be retrieved and used.
Differentiating words that sound similar so their meanings can be contrasted.
Teach phonological awareness tasks for __-__ minutes per day for 12-20 weeks are all that most students need to improve awareness of speech.
What is 5 to ten minutes?
Why Identification Matters:
Categories like SLD, OHI, ID, ED are all areas of IEP identification.
Based on the subcategories (e.g. Basic Reading and Reading Fluency) the IEP team determines the services.
School Psychologists are able to provide an e_________ diagnosis of dyslexia. However a diagnosis is not required to receive: intensive, explicit, systematic, multi-sensory teaching of each element of the structure of written language.
What is educational?
Dyslexia is not:
A behavioral, p___________, or social problem.
What is psychological?
Children with dyslexia are manifested in basic and pervasive deficiencies in ________ identification, ________________ (letter-sound), _____________ and spelling.
What are word, phonological, decoding...
Dyscalculia:
Math/ Measurement
Difficulty memorizing basic m____ facts
Math computation better than word problems
Confusion with math symbols, but not computation
S_________ steps when solving problems
Writing digits in correct sequence
What are math and sequencing?
Unlike its component parts such as vision and speech, which are genetically organized, reading has no direct g_______ program passing it on to future generations. Reading is a m________ invention!
What is genetic and man-made?
Importance of Phonological Awareness:
Phonological awareness and memory are involved in these activities of ______ learning:
Attending to unfamiliar words and comparing them with known words.
Repeating and pronouncing words correctly.
Remembering (encoding) words accurately so that they can be retrieved and used.
Differentiating words that sound similar so their meanings can be contrasted.
Teach phonological awareness tasks for 5-10 minutes per day for 12-20 weeks are all that most students need to improve awareness of speech.
What is word?
Why identification matters:
Over ___ percent of children reading poorly at the end of the first grade will be reading poorly at the end of the fourth grade.
Studies show that approximately 75 percent of students reading poorly at nine years of age continue to flounder in reading into the a_____ years.
Lyons, R. (2003) National Institute of Child Health and Human Development On HEAD START Before The Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions United States Senate Washington, D.C.
What are 80% and adult?
Dyslexia is not:
A vision problem; dyslexics do not see _________. (Dehaene)
What is backward?
Reading difficulties include:
Learning the letter ______ and sounds
Dividing words into separate sounds and _______
Reading accurately
Reading with natural phrasing, expression, and speed
What are names and syllables?
Late learning right, left, and other d__________ components (e.g. learning Heggerty hand cues need stickers on right hand)
Problems learning the concept of t______ and temporal sequencing
Poor retention of specific facts and/or difficulty recalling specific information (OG is very systematic, sequential… for this reason-helps to remember decoding/encoding concepts)
What are direction and time?
Spoken language is hard-wired inside the human brain. Language capacity in humans evolved about 100,000 years ago, and the human brain is fully adapted for language processing. Any child, unless neurologically impaired or hearing impaired, will learn to talk….Human brains are naturally wired to s______; they are not naturally wired to r_____ and w______. With teaching, children typically learn to read at about age 5 or 6 and need several years to master the skill.
LETRS Module Workbook 1: Moats, L.C. (2009). Language essentials for teacher of reading and spelling (LETRS). Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
What are speak, read and write?
Phonemic Awareness:
The highest level of p__________ awareness
Understanding that spoken words can be divided into individual p____________
Understanding that individual phonemes can be blended into words
What is phonological and phonemes?
Why Identification Matters:
With a diagnosis, families and staff are better equipped to provide appropriate i__________ and/or support for their students with dyslexia.
Early intervention in p__________l awareness and direct teaching of decoding accelerates learning in early stages of development, particularly for those with limited readiness (e.g. Fundations/Heggerty)
What are intervention and phonological?
Dyslexia is not:
More predominant in ______.
What are boys?
Dyslexia affects as many as one out of _______________.
What is five?
Attention/Concentration/Organization
Short attention span, i____________, distractibility, inattentiveness
Inconsistent grades or performance on standardized tests from day to day
What is impulsivity?
Children who enter first grade low in knowledge about the p___________ features of words or who have difficulties processing the phonological features of words, are at high risk for difficulties responding to early reading instruction. The tasks most commonly used to measure children’s knowledge and processing skill for the phonological features of words are referred to as measures of phonological or phonemic awareness. These tasks require children to identify or manipulate the phonemes in words that are presented orally.
What are phonological?
Phonemic Awareness:
PA is thought to contribute to helping children learn to read because the structure of the English writing system is a__________…Words have prescribed spellings that consist of graphemes symbolizing phonemes in predictable ways. Being able to distinguish the separate phonemes in pronunciations of words so that they can be matched up to graphemes is difficult. There are no breaks in s_______ signaling where one phoneme ends and the next one begins. Discovering p________ units is helped greatly by explicit instruction in how the system works. This is underscored by research revealing that people who have not learned to read and write have great trouble performing phonemic awareness tasks….To store sight words in memory, children need to match up graphemes to phonemes in the word and retain these connections in memory.
What is alphabetic, speech and phonemic?
Identifying Dyslexia:
Consider the risk factors
F______ history
Chronic e__ infections; hearing impairment
Delayed acquisition of o___ language
Look for the signs
Resistance to reading
Slow skill acquisition
Lack of retention
What are family, ear and oral?
Dyslexia is not:
People with dyslexia are less ____________.
What is intelligent?
Dyslexia often runs in ____________.
What are families?
Attention/Concentration/Organization
Inordinate time spent on h_________
Weak organization and s_______ habits
Lowered motivation and self-e_________
Good grades, but requiring too much struggle***
What are homework, study and esteem?
Phonemic Awareness:
Phoneme awareness is necessary for learning and using the alphabetic code. English uses an alphabetic writing system in which the letters, singly and in combination, represent single s_______ sounds. People who can take apart w______ into sounds, recognize their identity, and put them together again have the foundation skill for using the alphabetic principle.
Moats, L.C. (2009). Language essentials for teacher of reading and spelling (LETRS). Longmont, CO: Sopris West. Mod 2: The Speech Sounds of English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Phoneme Awareness, Chapter 1: Phonology and Phological Awareness.
What are speech and words?
Family Predisposition to dyslexia:
Averaging across studies, approximately __% of offspring of affected parents, but less than 10% of other children (of otherwise similar backgrounds) develop a reading disability (Scarborough, 1998).
Scarborough, H. (2001). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice. In S.B. Neuman & D.K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (pp. 97 – 110). New York: Guilford Press.
What is 40%?
Dyslexia is not:
Caused by bad ____________.
What is teaching?
Oral Language
Delay in spoken ________ development
Omits _______ or syllables
Difficulty following __________
Retrieval/word finding difficulties
What are language, sounds and directions?
Social-Emotional
Posture indicative of poor self-esteem.
A_______ results in inappropriate behaviors.
Inadequate social skills
Withdrawal / d___________
Inordinate stress during performance times.
What are anxiety and depression?
Phonemic Awareness Skills Predict Later Outcomes:
Phoneme awareness predicts later outcomes in r_______ and s_______. Phoneme awareness facilitates growth in printed word recognition. Even before a student learns to read, we can predict with a high level of accuracy whether that student will be a good reader or a poor reader by the end of the t_____ grade and beyond.
Moats, L.C. (2009). Language essentials for teacher of reading and spelling (LETRS). Longmont, CO: Sopris West. Mod 2: The Speech Sounds of English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Phoneme Awareness, Chapter 1: Phonology and Phological Awareness.
What are reading and spelling and third?
Identifying dyslexia:
Obtain s_______ and d________ testing to assess phonemic awareness; phonological memory and processing; rapid naming; word recognition; and oral reading fluency.
Universal Screeners (AIMSweb)
C-TOPP-2 – Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing
TOWRE-2-Test of Word Recognition
GORT-5-Gray Oral Reading Test
PAST-Kilpatrick
WIST-Word Identification and Spelling Test
What are screening diagnostic?
Dyslexia is not:
An insurmountable r_________ for individuals to learn to read.
What is roadblock?
Spelling
Poor spelling _____, _______, substitute letters use phonetic spelling (pepl for people, brnd for burned)-rely on strong visual memory (Hannah)
Repeated / inconsistent spelling errors
Memorized spelling better than spontaneous spelling (e.g. student with Autism-weight vs.wait)
What are omit and transpose?
Executive Function:
Difficulty retrieving information from m________.
but you knew it yesterday
need for elaborative rehearsal
d________ storage makes
for greater difficulty retrieving: (why there is a predictable routine to OG lesson plan)
accounts for the need for extended time
if poor durability...then poor retrieval (e.g. retaining certain OG-soft c/g rule)
What are memory and disorganized?
Phonological Processing:
If low phonemic awareness and phonological processing is not improved by explicit instruction and practice, the child will fail to learn to s______ out or s______ words, impairing all subsequent reading development steps.
What are sound out and spell?
Instruction for Students with Dyslexia:
Use intensive, systematic, explicit, m__________ instruction to teach each element of language structure overtly and directly
What is multi-sensory?
Written Language
Uses less __________ written than spoken vocabulary (e.g. student said she liked to eat eggs in a writing assignment-only things she could spell!)
Difficulty planning, organizing thoughts, getting started (OG works well-like predictable flow of lesson plan)
Awkward sentence structure with limited detail
Poor ________ and syntax
Difficulty taking notes or summarizing
What are less sophisticated and grammar?
Executive Function:
Difficulty in t___________ information from memory to various activities. (e.g. soft c and g rule)
lack of mental organization limits understanding of the relatedness of concepts
and ability to use and transfer information to unfamiliar environments or activities
What is transferring?
Phonological Processing:
Failure to become a fluent and efficient decoder derails all subsequent developmental steps in the process of learning to read:
development of automatic ______ recognition
development of f_____ oral reading
development of v__________
development of comprehension of complex text
What is word, fluent and vocabulary?
Research Supports OG:
Furthermore, the children receiving O______-___________ instruction made greater improvements in word attack skills and sustained their gains.
Soifer, L. (2011). Development of oral language and its relationship to literacy. In Birsh,J. (Ed.), Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills (49-92). Baltimore: Brookes Publishing Co.
What is Orton-Gillingham?