Atrial Septal Defect
A small flaplike opening between the upper heart chambers that may fail to close.
What is the foramen ovale?
In the setting of a ventricular septal defect, this chamber of the heart becomes enlarged.
What is the Left atrium?
PDA features a shunt in the __ to ____ direction
Left to right
Common AV Canal features a shunt in the __ to ____ direction
Left to right
As a result of ASD, this side of the heart will become volume loaded
Right side of the heart
If these is volume overload in the right heart, the right ventricle will undergo this structural change.
What is Eccentric hypertrophy?
These vessels become volume overloaded in the setting of PDA
What are pulmonary vessels?
Instead of a mitral and tricuspid valve, pts with CCAC will have a _____
Common 5-leaflet valve
These two chambers of the heart becomes enlarged in the setting of an atrial septal defect
Right atrium & Right ventricle
This set of pulmonary vascular changes cause pulmonary hypertension, and eventually a R to L shunt
What is eisenmenger physiology?
This virus is part of common childhood vaccinations and causes a macropapular rash. Maternal infection during pregnancy increases risk of PDA.
What is Rubella?
This chromosomal abnormality is commonly associated with CCAC
Trisomy 21
In ASD, increased flow across this valve will result in its stenosis.
What is the Pulmonary valve?
True/False: If pulmonary vascular resistance is lower, the L to R shunt will be lesser.
FALSE
This class of medications derived from arachidonic acid reduces inflammation, but may prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus
What are prostaglandins?
Since the conduction system is displaced from its usual anatomic location, ECG of CCAC will show ____ axis deviation
Left
A pt with ASD may present with a systolic rumble over this area.
What is the Pulmonary valve?
The holosystolic murmur of VSD is best heard at the ____
Left sternal border
In PDA, L to R shunting occurs throughout the cardiac cycle. Therefore, the PDA murmur will be continuous/systolic/diastolic
Continuous
Explain the mechanism through which AV canal leads to heart failure
atrial and ventricular left-to-right shunt → excessive pulmonary blood flow and biventricular volume overload → pulmonary hypertension and heart failure